Ecology Summary - Gnathanodon speciosus

语言:

主要参考文献	Honebrink, R., 1990
附注	Occur in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300); in coral reefs (Ref. 58534); and in deep lagoon and seaward reefs where they feed by rooting for crustaceans, other invertebrates in the sand and also on small fishes. Piscivore (Ref. 57615). Small juveniles live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Ref. 9710). Coastal species that inhabits coral and rocky reefs. Diurnal bottom feeder that hunts in groups. Feeds on crabs, shrimp, molluscs, and small fishes (Ref. 9773).

主要参考文献

Honebrink, R., 1990

附注

Occur in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300); in coral reefs (Ref. 58534); and in deep lagoon and seaward reefs where they feed by rooting for crustaceans, other invertebrates in the sand and also on small fishes. Piscivore (Ref. 57615). Small juveniles live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Ref. 9710). Coastal species that inhabits coral and rocky reefs. Diurnal bottom feeder that hunts in groups. Feeds on crabs, shrimp, molluscs, and small fishes (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	河口/泻湖/半咸淡水海洋 mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds 洞专门地

Highighted items on the list are where Gnathanodon speciosus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Hard Bottom: rocky;
Substrate Ref.	Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995
Special habitats	Coral Reefs: reef flats; lagoons;
Special habitats Ref.	Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006

Associations

参考文献
Associations	schooling;
Associated with	It is noted for its behavior to closely swim around sharks and other large fish, but also following divers (Ref. 10361) to gain protection from likely predators (Ref. 9710).
Association remarks	Forms schools (Ref. 10361) .
Parasitism

进食

摄取食物的类型	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Honebrink, R., 1990
摄取食物的习惯	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Honebrink, R., 1990

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	最初的样本		不捕获族群		附注
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	附注
从食物内容
从个别的食物项目	4.03	0.52			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
参考文献

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