Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990 |
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Remarks | Surface-dwelling omnivores (Also Ref. 9773). Lives in coastal waters of high islands and continental shorelines (Ref. 1602); also inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 1937, 58534). Present in seagrass beds at all life stages (Ref. 41878). Feeds on fish, plants, and zooplankton (Refs. 1602, 127989, 9773). Schooling species. Epipelagic inshore (Ref. 127989). Dwells in shallow waters, at the lee of coral reefs (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Myers, R.F., 1991 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Myers, R.F., 1991 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 2.69 | 0.30 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |