Ecology Summary - Pseudotropheus livingstonii

語言:

主要參考文獻	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983
附註	Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton.

主要參考文獻

Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

附註

Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	河口/瀉湖/半鹹淡水海洋 mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds 洞專門地

Highighted items on the list are where Pseudotropheus livingstonii may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

參考文獻
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

進食

攝取食物的類型	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983
攝取食物的習慣	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	最初的樣本		不捕獲族群		附註
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	附註
從食物內容	3.68	0.14	3.10	0.25	Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
從個別的食物項目
參考文獻	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

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