分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 30 - 525 m (Ref. 5222), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 5222). 亞熱帶的; 41°N - 27°S, 98°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Massachusetts, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥灣，百慕達群島，加勒比海與巴西南部。 也在中央的與美國岸邊到蘇利南南部.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 54.0, range 47 - ? cm
Max length : 122 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 26340); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大体重: 30.0 kg (Ref. 5222); 最大年龄: 27 年 (Ref. 3090)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 15; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Dark margin on spiny dorsal fin and dark saddle on caudal peduncle that extends below lateral line (Ref. 26938); juveniles with pale yellow caudal and pectoral fins; black saddle blotch on the caudal peduncle reaching below lateral line; depth of body contained 2.4-2.8 times in SL; head length 2.2-2.4 times in SL; convex interorbital area, width less than or subequal to eye diameter; enlarged serrae at angle of preopercle; distinctly convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostrils 2-5 times larger than anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
在刺状的背鳍与黑色鞍状斑块上的深色边在尾梗上那延伸在侧线下.(参考文献 26938)
Adults occur well offshore on rocky bottoms. Juveniles may be found inshore and are often reported from the northeastern coast of the U.S (Ref. 89707). Adults feed on fishes, gastropods, cephalopods, and brachyuran crustaceans (Ref. 5222). Valuable commercial food fish (Ref. 26938).
成鱼在岩石底部上出现相当外海。 稚鱼可能被发现于沿海地区而且时常被记录自美国东岸成鱼吃鱼，腹足动物，头足类动物与十足目甲壳动物.(参考文献 5222) 有价值的商业食用鱼.(参考文献 26938)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
The size (76.7-109 cm) and age (8-29 yr) of 97 male specimens and the capture of two specimens undergoing sex change provided conclusive
evidence that snowy grouper are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 45886).西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥灣，百慕達群島，加勒比海與巴西南部。 也在中央的與美國岸邊到蘇利南南部.(參考文獻 26938)
Craig, M.T. and P.A. Hastings, 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae (Serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. Ichthyol. Res. 54:1-17. (Ref. 83414)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.8 - 23.7, mean 19.5 °C (based on 93 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01218 - 0.02063), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.07-0.09; tmax=27).
Prior r = 0.17, 95% CL = 0.11 - 0.25, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.8 [15.4, 66.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.74 [0.39, 1.39] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.8, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.382 [0.237, 0.648] g/100g; Selenium = 49.2 [25.6, 92.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.2 [3.1, 31.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.511 [0.367, 0.752] mg/100g (wet weight);
