Common names from other countries
分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Potamotrygonidae (River stingrays)
河魟科 (River stingrays) > Potamotrygoninae
Etymology: Potamotrygon: Greek, potamos = river + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Müller & Henle.
Issue
Authorship controversial, but follows Rosa (1985a) in crediting original species name to Müller & Henle and not to d’Orbigny. Species later redescribed by Müller & Henle (1841) based on five additional specimens, but these do not have type status (the action of Castex, 1969, in designating a lectotype is therefore not valid; Rosa, 1985a). May be confused in the literature with P. orbignyi (occurrences in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela). Reproductive biology unknown. Additional references: Bertin (1939), Castex (1965); Achenbach & Achenbach (1976), Compagno & Cook (1995).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; dH range: 10 - ?; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 亞熱帶的; 24°C - 26°C (Ref. 12468)
South America: Paraná-Paraguay River basin.
南美洲: Parana-巴拉圭的河到阿根廷流域.(參考文獻 58839)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27188); 最大體重: 15.0 kg (Ref. 27548)
Occurs in marshy zones where it is frequently found partially hidden in the sandy bottom. This behavior, associated with its perfect immobility and its capacity to undergo homochromy, makes it practically undetectable to the eye. Like all species of this family, P. hystrix has a tail which is equipped with one or more spines which fall spontaneously and are replaced 2 or 3 times a year. At a length of 4 to 6 cm, the spine is a barbed, flattened skeletal formation inserted dorsally in the middle portion of the tail. Its structure is similar to that of a tooth and appears as an ivory cone covered with enamel. The spine is coated with an extremely toxic mucus produced by the cells of the skin and inflicts very painful wounds (Ref. 27188).
出現於沼澤區在那裡它時常被發現部份地在沙質底部藏。 這行為,伴隨著它的完美不動性與它的能力歷經 homochromy, 使它成為實際無法發覺的到眼。 像本科的所有種， P. hystrix 有一個尾部是具備有一個或多個棘那一個秋天自然地而且倍一年被取代 2 或 3。 在體長 4 到 6 公分, 棘是背面在尾部的中央部分中插入的有刺的, 平的骨骼形成。 它的結構是類似一個牙齒而且呈現被覆蓋著琺瑯的一個象牙製的圓錐體。 棘被外面覆蓋有一個產生於皮膚的細胞的毒性很強黏液而且施放非常令人痛苦的創傷.(參考文獻 27188)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
南美洲: Parana-巴拉圭的河到阿根廷流域.(參考文獻 58839)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Assuming Fec<10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
