Common names from other countries
Issue
Distribution of this species will be corrected.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 1 - 40 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 36°N - 24°S, 48°E - 169°E
Indo-West Pacific: Indonesia (Java ) to central China, including Taiwan.
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.2 cm WD con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 111772); 54.5 cm WD (female)
This demersal species is found inshore and on continental shelf to at least 50 m depth. It feeds on small bony fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 11889, 114953). Max size may reach up to 85 cm WD (Ref. 47613). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Litters of only 1 pup (Ref. 114953).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno, 1999. Dasyatididae. Stingrays. p. 1479-1505. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9840)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 (based on 1060 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00344 - 0.00666), b=3.07 (2.98 - 3.16), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).