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Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839)

Bull shark
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Carcharhinus leucas   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Carcharhinus leucas (Bull shark)
Carcharhinus leucas
Picture by Randall, J.E.


Malaysia country information

Common names: Bull shark, Freshwater whaler, Jerung
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Ahmad, A., A.A. Abdul Haris Hilmi, A.C. Gambang, S. Ahemad and A.R. Solahuddin (eds.), 2004
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Known from Borneo (Ref. 9997).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Ahmad, A., A.A. Abdul Haris Hilmi, A.C. Gambang, S. Ahemad and A.R. Solahuddin (eds.), 2004
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Lớp phụ Cá sụn (cá mập và cá đuối) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)
Etymology: Carcharhinus: karcharos (Gr.), sharp or jagged; rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, both words alluding to a shark's jagged, rasp-like skin. (See ETYFish);  leucas: From leukos (Gr.), white, referring to its body color, usually grayish with white underside [authorship often attributed to Müller & Henle, who published Valenciennes’ description]. (See ETYFish).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; sống cả ở nước ngọt và nuớc mặn (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 1 - 164 m (Ref. 106604), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 55183).   Subtropical; 42°N - 39°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55182)

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical waters (Ref. 81283): widespread in warm oceans, rivers and lakes (Ref. 4716). Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to Argentina (Ref. 58839); eastern Atlantic: Morocco, Senegal to Angola (Ref. 81283, 81623); Indo-Pacific: Kenya and South Africa to India, then, Viet Nam to Australia; southern Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador and possibly occurring in Peru. Africa: in freshwater found in rivers of West Africa from Gambia River to Ogowe River (Ref. 81283) and in the Cuanza in Angola (Ref. 120641). Sympatric with Carcharhinus amboinensis, Glyphis gangeticus.

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: Lm 201.0, range 180 - 230 cm
Max length : 360 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 85726); 400.0 cm TL (female); common length : 260 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9253); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 316.5 kg (Ref. 40637); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 32 các năm (Ref. 42004)

Short description Khóa để định loại | Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 0; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0. Diagnosis: Carcharhinus leucas is a massive shark with a short, broad and blunt snout, small eyes and triangular saw-edged upper teeth, and lack of interdorsal ridge, characters which are sufficient to distinguish this species (Ref. 26938).

Sinh học     Tự điển (thí dụ epibenthic)

A coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Ref. 244). It readily penetrates far up rivers and hypersaline bays and littoral lagoons (Ref. 9997, 44894, 81283). Capable of covering great distances (up to 180 kilometers in 24 hours), moving between fresh and brackish water at random (Ref. 44894). Adults often found near estuaries and freshwater inflows to the sea; young enter rivers and may be found hundreds of km from the sea (Ref. 4967, 44894, 58304). Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, mantis shrimps, crabs, squid, sea snails, sea urchins, mammalian carrion, sea turtles, and occasionally garbage (Ref. 244, 5578, 44894). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Gives birth to litters of up to 13 young (Ref. 26938, 44894). Size at birth is 56-81 cm TL (Ref. 81623). Sexual maturity is attained after 10-15 years (at a length between 160-200 centimeters) (Ref. 44894). Though not commercially important, this species is a good food fish (Ref. 12484). Utilized fresh, fresh-frozen or smoked for human consumption, fins for soup, hide for leather, liver for oil, and carcass for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Very hardy and lives well in captivity (Ref. 244). This large shark is potentially dangerous to man (Ref. 81283), probably the most dangerous species of tropical shark (Ref. 244), and it is repeatedly implicated in attacks on humans (Ref. 4967, 44894); attacks in fresh water are rare (Ref. 44894).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng

Viviparpous, with a yolk-sac placenta, 1-13 young in a litter. Size at birth about 60 cm TL (Ref. 9997). In the western North Atlantic off Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and off South Africa, young are born in late spring or early summer. Off Nicaragua, females may have young throughout the year, with a peak in spring and early summer. Estimated gestation period is 10 to 11 months (Ref. 244). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Females often have courtship scars, but males are rarely seen with fighting scars (Ref. 244).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Người cộng tác

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Dễ bị tổn thương, xem Sách đỏ của IUCN (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 24 November 2020

CITES (Ref. 128078)


CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Traumatogenic (Ref. 4690)




Human uses

Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng
FAO(Các nghề cá: Sản xuất; publication : search) | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta

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Trophic ecology
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Food consumptions
Food rations
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Ecology
Sinh thái học
Home ranges
Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances
Life cycle
Sự tái sinh sản
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Fecundities
Spawnings
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Egg(s)
Egg developments
Ấu trùng
Sự biến động ấu trùng
Anatomy
Gill areas
Não bộ
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 23.2 - 29, mean 27.5 (based on 2930 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00427 (0.00339 - 0.00537), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278):  4.3   ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179):  Rất thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là hơn 14 năm (K=0.04-0.15; tm=6-21; tmax=32; Fec=1-13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Medium.