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Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864)

California butterfly ray
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Gymnura marmorata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Gymnura marmorata (California butterfly ray)
Gymnura marmorata
Picture by Robertson, R.


Mexico country information

Common names: Raya mariposa, Raya mariposa californiana, Raya mariposa de California
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Recorded from several localities in Baja California Sur (Ref. 37955). Of little importance as a food fish (Ref. 37955). Also Ref. 1468, 9255.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: De la Cruz Agüero, J., M. Arellano Martínez, V.M. Cota Gómez and G. de la Cruz-Agüero, 1997
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Классификация / Names народные названия | синонимы | Catalog of Fishes(род, виды) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Пластиножаберные (акулы и скаты) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range экология

морской демерсальный; пределы глубины 1 - 94 m (Ref. 96339).   Subtropical; 44°N -

распространение страны | регионы FAO | Ecosystems | места находок | Point map | интродукции | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.

Size / Вес / Возраст

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 9255); common length : 95.0 cm WD самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 1468)

биология     глоссарий (например epibenthic)

Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | размножение | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | личинки

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

Основная ссылка Upload your references | ссылки | координатор : McEachran, John | соавторы

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)

  Близок к исчезновению (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 07 February 2019

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Угроза для людей

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)




Использование человеком

рыболовство: не имеет хозяйственного значения
FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

дополнительная информация

Trophic ecology
пищевые объекты
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
хищники
Ecology
экология
Home ranges
Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Размерный состав
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances
Life cycle
размножение
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
личинки
динамика численности личинок
Distribution
страны
регионы FAO
Ecosystems
места находок
интродукции
BRUVS - Videos
Anatomy
Gill areas
мозг
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Swimming type
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
звуки, издаваемые рыбами
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
генетика
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
особенности рыбоводства
степень растяжения
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Outreach
соавторы
References
ссылки

инструменты

Специальные отчеты

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ресурсы в Интернет

Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Проверить FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes(род, виды) | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | Faunafri | Fishtrace | GenBank(Геном, Нуклеотид) | GloBI | GOBASE | | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Scirus | SeaLifeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia(Вперёд, поиск) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 17.7 - 28.8, mean 23.4 (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  4.0   ±0.65 se; based on food items.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref. 120179):  очень низкий, минимальное время удвоения популяции более 14 лет (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Категория цены (Ref. 80766):   Medium.