Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 10 - ? m (Ref. 5213). Subtropical; 12°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E
Southeast Atlantic to southwestern Indian Ocean: southern Angola to Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 34.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 4370); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 6.5 kg (Ref. 4370)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 10; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 18 - 19; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 13 - 14. Changes from black to silver almost instantly to blend with environment; occasionally mottled or with 7-9 crossbars (Ref. 4370).
Found in inshore reefs, rocky and sandy areas. Feeds on mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Ref. 5213). Abundant in winter, breeding occurs in deeper water. Becoming scarce because of overfishing (Ref. 36731).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Smith, M.M., 1986. Coracinidae. p. 601-602. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4370)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 14.4 - 24.7, mean 16.7 (based on 20 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00664 - 0.03964), b=3.01 (2.79 - 3.23), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
