Main Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
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Remarks | Found in coastal waters, over sand muddy bottom. Juveniles enter estuaries. Adults feed on pelagic fishes at night. Often caught with Umbrina canariensis. Feeds on pelagic fish such as mackerel and horse mackerel (Ref. 36731). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Druzhinin, A.D. and N.A. Filatova, 1979 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.77 | 0.45 | |||
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |