| 主要參考文獻。 | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Found in coastal waters, over sand muddy bottom. Juveniles enter estuaries. Adults feed on pelagic fishes at night. Often caught with Umbrina canariensis. Feeds on pelagic fish such as mackerel and horse mackerel (Ref. 36731). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| 基板 | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| 基板參考值 | Druzhinin, A.D. and N.A. Filatova, 1979 |
| 特殊棲息地 | |
| 特殊棲息地 Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| 協會 | |
| 相關聯 | |
| 協會備註 | |
| 寄生 |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| 供料類型 Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| 餵飼習慣 Ref. | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.77 | 0.45 | |||
| 從個別的食物項目 | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Griffiths, M.H. and T. Hecht, 1995 | ||||