| 主な参照 | Armitage, R.O., D.A. Payne, G.J. Lockley, H.M. Currie, R.L. Colban, B.G. Lamb and L.J. Paul (eds.), 1994 |
|---|---|
| 意見 | Found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed (Ref. 9258). Reported to be often found in rivers (Ref. 4316). Juveniles may occur in bays (Ref. 33616). Dorsal spine reported to be venomous (Ref. 9771). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
| 参照 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 供給様式 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Godfriaux, B.L., 1970 |
| 食性 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | 原本のサンプル | Unfished population | 意見 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 餌料組成から | |||||
| 個々の食物品目から | 3.68 | 0.57 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参照 | |||||