Ecology Summary - Epinephelus areolatus

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Thông tin chủ yếu	Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Các chú thích	Usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarians (Ref. 5222), in shallow continental shelf waters (Ref. 27353). Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (Ref. 6390). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feed on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Ref. 4787, 27354). Feed in water to more than 100 m depth (Ref. 27354). Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390).

Thông tin chủ yếu

Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993

Các chú thích

Usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarians (Ref. 5222), in shallow continental shelf waters (Ref. 27353). Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (Ref. 6390). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feed on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Ref. 4787, 27354). Feed in water to more than 100 m depth (Ref. 27354). Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	Nước lợ/đầm phá/biẻn nước lợ mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds Các hang động riêng biệt

Highighted items on the list are where Epinephelus areolatus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; Hard Bottom;
Substrate Ref.	Broad, G., 2003
Special habitats	Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Broad, G., 2003

Associations

Tài liệu tham khảo
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Cho ăn

Dạng thức ăn	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991
Nơi ăn mồi	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Mẫu nguyên thủy (gốc)		Chủng quần không được khai thác		Chú thích
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Chú thích
Từ thành phần dinh dưỡng	3.74	0.30	3.46	0.46	Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies.
Từ các loại thức ăn	3.90	0.66			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Tài liệu tham khảo	Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994

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