| Rif. principale. | Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991 |
|---|---|
| Osservazioni | Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390). Inhabit turbid coastal reefs (Ref. 9710) and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 27362) over mud and rubble (Ref. 6390). Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and gravel and among mangroves (Refs. 6390, 127989). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. 30°C temperatures and 3% salinities provide peak survival environments. Dwells in benthic, rocky substrates and along the continental slope (Ref. 127989). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
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| Substrato | Benthic; Soft Bottom: mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; rubble; |
|---|---|
| Substrato Rif. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
| Habitat speciali | Coral Reefs; |
| Habitat speciali Rif. | Broad, G., 2003 |
| Fonte Biblio. | |
|---|---|
| Associazioni | |
| Associato a | |
| Osservazioni dell'associazione | |
| Parassitismo |
| Tipo di alimentazione | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo di alimentazione Rif. | Parrish, J.D., 1987 |
| Abitudini alimentari | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Abitudini alimentari Rif. | Parrish, J.D., 1987 |
| Estimation method | Campione originale | Popolazione non pescata | Commento | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Dalla composizione della dieta | 4.00 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
| Da singoli alimenti | 4.05 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Fonte Biblio. | Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005 | ||||