Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Inhabits rocky bottoms (Ref. 30573) of the continental shelf and continental slope (Ref. 75154). Juveniles prefer habitats with carbonate, basalt, or mudstone substrate (Ref. 122680). Feeds on fishes and larger invertebrates such as squids, shrimps and crabs; also takes planktonic organisms, including pelagic urochordates (Ref. 55). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.49 | 0.77 | 4.47 | 0.78 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.99 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Haight, W.R., J.D. Parrish and T.A. Hayes, 1993 |