Main Ref. | Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1974 |
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Remarks | Inshore, including the inter-tidal zone and estuaries, and offshore to about 60 m depth. Commonly associated with Ammodytes species. Feeds initially on zooplankton, later small fish (clupeids and ammodytids) dominate the diet. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1974 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1974 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.98 | 0.12 | Troph of juv./adults from 39 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.83 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |