Main Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
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Remarks | Known from tide pool areas to subtidal; usually 2 meters or less, rarely to 90 meters (Ref. 51661). Benthic; feeds on crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Parasites of the species include cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans, nematodes, protozoans and copepods (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.28 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.28 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |