| 主要参考文献 | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
|---|---|
| 附注 | Occur in lentic and lotic freshwater (Ref. 7300); also found in coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Found over shallow sandy bottoms, in the vicinity of river mouths. Enter estuaries and rivers (Ref. 1479). Scale-eating behavior was suggested to originate from modified predation and modified parasite removal (Ref. 28733). Juveniles common in sandy intertidal areas. Omnivorous (Ref. 7300), feeding on fishes, insects, algae, and sand-dwelling invertebrates (Ref. 9710). Coastal. Dwells in rocky shore tidal pools, wetlands and estuaries. Ambush predator. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| 基质 | Benthic; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| 基底 参考文献 | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| 特殊生境 | Beds: sea grass; |
| 特殊生境 编号 |
| 参考文献 | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
|---|---|
| 协会 | schooling; |
| 相关联 | |
| 协会备注 | Forms schools (Ref. 9710). |
| 寄生虫 |
| 摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| 供料类型 参考号 | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
| 摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| 喂食习惯 参考文献 | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
| Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 从食物内容 | 3.93 | 0.46 | 3.68 | 0.55 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| 从个别的食物项目 | 3.75 | 0.55 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参考文献 | Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005 | ||||