Main Ref. | McKay, R.J., 1984 |
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Remarks | Found inshore (Ref. 75154). Juveniles usually occur in seaweed beds, and large adults occur in small schools or solitary around coral (Refs. 2799). Inverts and fish feeder (Ref. 41878). Dwells in shallow water coral reefs. Juveniles form small groups near seaweeds, feeding on associated organisms. Adults exist in isolation and forage over reefs. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, shrimp, polychaetes, crabs and small fishes (Ref 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: silt; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
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Associations | solitary; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jones, G.P., D.J. Ferrell and P.F. Sale, 1992 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jones, G.P., D.J. Ferrell and P.F. Sale, 1992 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.70 | 0.16 | 3.41 | 0.43 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.71 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005 |