Main Ref. | Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. and H.H. Costa, 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 9137) and coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Usually within tidal influence, but may enter fresh water, ascending 10 km into rivers (Ref. 40488). Form large schools, frequently in mangrove areas (Ref. 2334). Juveniles may be found in rice fields and mangroves (Ref. 9812). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton and G.R. Allen, 2006 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. and H.H. Costa, 1990 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.18 | 0.10 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 2.18 | 0.10 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hajisamae, S., L.M. Chou and S. Ibrahim, 2004 |