| Main Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | internal (oviduct) |
| Mating type | monogamy: |
| Spawning frequency | |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Ref. |
| Reproductive guild |
bearers internal live bearers |
| Parental Care | maternal |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Ovoviviparous, with litters of 1 to 21 young (Ref. 247, 88865). Mating probably occurs in winter. Gestation period of 18 to 24 months, longest known of all chondrichthyans (Ref. 26346). Size at birth 18-30 cm (Ref. 26346). In the northeast Atlantic, pups are born in winter, with size at birth about 26-28 cm (Ref. 88864). Sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Gravid females congregate in enclosed shallow bays to give birth (Ref. 247). The mother shark experiences a series of rhythmic contractions, just like in mammals, and the young are delivered head first. Larger older females have bigger litters with larger pups; a female with 100 cm TL carries on average 4 times as many embryos compared to a 70 cm female and the former have higher survival rates than those born to small females (Ref. 4856, 88869, 88883). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |
Publish in our journal partners Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria (Impact factor 2023: .8 with 2023 Scopus CiteScore: 2.2), Journal of Applied Ichthyology (Impact factor 2023: .7 with 2023 Scopus CiteScore: 2.3) and Journal of Fish Biology (1.07, 2023 impact factor with Scopus CiteScore: 2.2) the results of your primary research on fish growth, weight-length relationships, reproduction (maturity, fecundity, spawning), food and diet composition, introductions and range extensions for faster subsequent entry in FishBase.