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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 1 - 20 m (Ref. 3702). Subtropical; 13°N - 40°S, 80°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Panama to Argentina; Southwest Atlantic: Sergipe, Brazil (Ref. 118626).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 42.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 40637); common length : 45.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3702); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 17.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά): 11; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά): 17-22; Εδρικές άκανθες 2; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 7 - 9. Body nearly uniform silvery, dark greenish above. Without conspicuous spots on side but with diffuse dark areas along base of dorsal fin and on margin of spinous dorsal fin, ventral side of head, lower margin of pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins often yellowish orange. Inside of opercle dusky. Mouth large, oblique. Lower jaw slightly projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Lower jaw with a row of enlarged inner-row teeth, gradually increasing in size posteriorly. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Pectoral fins about equal in length to pelvic fins. Gas bladder with a pair of long, straight, horn-like appendages. Sagitta earstone thin and elongate. Soft portion of dorsal fin unscaled except 2 or 3 rows of small scales along its base (Ref 51271).
Forms schools (Ref. 35237). Found over mud or sandy mud bottoms near mouths of rivers. Juveniles are restricted to brackish and fresh waters. Feeds on shrimps and fishes. Important food fish (Ref. 3702).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Chao, L.N., 1978. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Volume 4. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3702)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Περισσότερες πληροφορίες
ΑναφορέςΥδατοκαλλιέργειεςΠροφίλ υδατοκαλλιέργειαςΣτελέχοιΓενετικήElectrophoresesΚληρονομικότηταΑσθένειεςΜεταποίησηNutrientsMass conversion
ΣυνεργάτεςΦωτογραφίεςStamps, Coins Misc.ΉχοιΣιγκουατέραΤαχύτηταΚολυμβητικός ΤύποςΕπιφάνεια βραγχίωνOtolithsΕγκέφαλοιΌραση
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 27.3 °C (based on 292 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00489 - 0.01176), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.27).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 51.9 [30.0, 101.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.842 [0.438, 1.547] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.291 [0.169, 0.485] g/100g; Selenium = 22.7 [11.9, 48.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.48 [2.48, 25.80] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.614 [0.445, 0.913] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
