Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; diepte 0 - 150 m (Ref. 9710), usually 2 - 10 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 44°N - 41°S, 180°W - 180°E
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Eastern Atlantic: off Genoa, Italy in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4233) and from Côte d'Ivoire to Angola (Ref. 7097). Throughout the Indo-Pacific (Ref. 37816), but rare or absent in the Persian Gulf (Ref. 3287). Eastern Pacific: mouth of Gulf of California to Ecuador; including the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 9283).
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 64.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 26340); common length : 90.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5217); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 46.2 kg (Ref. 40637); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 6 Jaren (Ref. 96992)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 7; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 25-30; Anale stekels 2; Anale zachte stralen: 18 - 22; Wervels: 24. This species is distinguished by the following characters: the upper jaw ending distinctly before eye (and to below anterior margin of eye in young); dorsal fin with a detached terminal 2-rayed finlet; anal fin with a slightly detached spine from the rest of fin and covered by skin in fish of larger sizes, then followed by a second spine continuous with the 18-22 soft rays, including a detached 2-rayed finlet. Colour dark olive-blue or green dorsally and on side, white ventrally with 2 narrow light blue or bluish white stripes along sides and a broader olive or yellowish stripe between them; fins olive or yellowish (Ref. 9894,90102).
Adults are found in oceanic and coastal waters, generally near the surface over reefs or sometimes far from the coast often around floating logs or other debris (Ref. 9283, 11230, 48635, 90102). May form large schools (Ref. 9283, 48635). They feed on invertebrates, mainly on larger crustaceans of the zooplankton, and small fishes (Ref. 9283, 26145). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). Good food fish (Ref. 9626) and a valued game fish (Ref. 26938); marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283); also frozen and used for sashimi (Ref. 9987).
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986. Carangidae. p. 638-661. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3197)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van groot commercieel belang; sportvis: ja
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28.8, mean 27.5 °C (based on 5152 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00584 - 0.01711), b=2.85 (2.70 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (tmax=6; K=0.6 is doubtful).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.88, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.7 [7.8, 29.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.662 [0.361, 1.202] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [19.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.214 [0.129, 0.359] g/100g; Selenium = 26.7 [13.8, 50.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26 [9, 73] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.384 [0.262, 0.578] mg/100g (wet weight);
