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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
鯛科 (Porgies)
Etymology: Acanthopagrus: Greek, akantha = thorn + Greek, pagros, a kind of fish (Ref. 45335); berda: Name refers to the local vernacular name for the species; noun in apposition (Ref. 83673).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 50 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 30°N - 35°S, 22°E - 103°E
Indian Ocean, South Africa, Mozambique, the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, India, Phuket (Andaman Sea, specimen lost), and Malaysia (Penang Island and Langkawi Island, near Singapore). Western Pacific specimens recorded as A. berda refer to Acanthopagrus pacificus (Ref. 86288).
印度-西太平洋: 南非 (沒有來自模里西斯與留尼旺島的紀錄) 到印度延伸到日本與澳洲北部。 進入辛巴威與南非的淡水。 (尚比西河下游, Lucuara 河) 記錄來自新加勒多尼亞了。 (參考文獻 11889)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 21.0, range 20 - 22 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3198); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大體重: 3.2 kg (Ref. 3670); 最大年齡: 14 年 (Ref. 3627)
背棘 (總數): 11 - 12; 背的軟條 (總數): 10-13; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 9. Diagnosis: This species is distinguished from all its congeners by the following characters: scale rows between fifth dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 3.5; front edge of dorsal scaly area on head slightly convex, with small scales (fewer than 20) anteriorly; pored lateral-line scales 42-44; second anal-fin spine (2AS) longer than third anal-fin spine (3AS), 2AS/3AS ratio 1.23-1.50 (mean 1.36); strongly curved concavity on ventral edge of first two infraorbitals above rear end of maxilla, particularly obvious in specimens more than 13 cm standard length; scales on preopercle flange absent; anal-fin membrane dark; molariform teeth strongly developed along both jaws, teeth rows strongly curved laterally at rear of lower jaw (Ref. 83673).
略灰色的銀色到黑色的; 臀鰭淡黃色的, 薄膜黑色的基部地.(參考文獻 3198)
Common in estuaries, relatively uncommon in freshwaters (Ref. 52193). It feeds on invertebrates, including worms, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms (Ref. 5213), and small fish (Ref. 3670, 52193). Breeds in winter at sea (Ref. 52193). Protandrous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). The flesh is excellent; sold fresh in markets. It is parasitised by the monogenean Anoplodiscus australis on the fins and body surface (Ref. 124057).
棲息於沿岸水域與河口的泥濘多沙的底部了。 進入淡水。 稚魚棲息於遮蔽的內灣。 通常各別地出現，或者小群魚群, 但是可能移動成群.(參考文獻 48635) 捕食無脊椎動物，包括蠕蟲，軟體動物，甲殼動物與棘皮動物 (參考文獻 5213), 與小魚。 (參考文獻 3670) 雄性先熟的雌雄同體.(參考文獻 55367) 肉是優良的。 生鮮販賣在市場中了。 廣為人知垂釣魚種。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Size at sex change = 19.1 TL; age at sex change = 1.95 years (Ref. 55367).印度-西太平洋: 南非 (沒有來自模里西斯與留尼旺島的紀錄) 到印度延伸到日本與澳洲北部。 進入辛巴威與南非的淡水。 (尚比西河下游, Lucuara 河) 記錄來自新加勒多尼亞了。 (參考文獻 11889)
Iwatsuki, Y. and P.C. Heemstra, 2010. Taxonomic review of the Western Indian Ocean species of the genus Acanthopagrus Peters, 1855 (Perciformes: Sparidae), with description of a new species from Oman. Copeia 2010(1):123-136. (Ref. 83673)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.6 - 29, mean 27.8 °C (based on 856 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01862 (0.01372 - 0.02526), b=2.97 (2.92 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.28-0.38; tmax=14; tm=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (56 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 91.7 [45.9, 162.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.944 [0.530, 1.870] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.179 [0.101, 0.330] g/100g; Selenium = 59.7 [27.6, 120.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.6 [2.3, 22.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.918 [0.599, 1.351] mg/100g (wet weight);
