分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 3 - 60 m (Ref. 68964), usually 3 - 60 m (Ref. 5222). 熱帶; 31°N - 31°S, 30°E - 178°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea to South Africa and east to the Gilbert Islands. Probably found in all tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. Also reported from Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964). Recorded from Europa Island (MNHN 1992-0475, Ref. 33390).
印度-西太平洋: 紅海到南非而且東至吉柏特島。 可能發現於印度洋的所有熱帶島嶼了。 (但是已經不再從留尼旺島也不模里西斯發現) 記錄自歐羅巴島了。 (MNHN 1992-0475, 參考文獻 33390)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 34 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4787)
背棘 (总数): 9; 背的软条 (总数): 17-18; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: deep and compressed body with greatest depth 2.1-2.4 in SL; dorsal head profile steep, straight, or slightly concave along snout and distinctly convex from eye to dorsal fin; longitudinal scale series 94-104; gill rakers 8-11 + 15-17; in adults the middle dorsal and anal-fin rays are elongated, giving these fins an angular profile, with the rear margin almost vertical; caudal fin truncate, 8 branched rays in upper lobe and 7 in lower lobe; pectoral fins asymmetric, 17-19 rays. Colour of body dark brown to black, occasionally with an orange cast, usually with a pale vertical bar on side of abdomen; inside of mouth, gill cavity and upper jaw membranes reddish orange; juveniles with a broad white posterior margin on caudal fin and a narrow white margin on soft dorsal fin (Ref 5222).
深褐色的到黑色的, 偶然地有一个橘色的外貌 (参考文献 5222). 在这鲈科鱼类的嘴范围从淡粉红色到深红色之内。 稚鱼在尾鳍上有一个白色的边缘。 (参考文献 37816)
Adults are found in coastal reefs and lagoons, often on silty habitat (Ref. 48635), in or near caves and holes in the reef. They feed mainly on small fishes (including Pempheris sp.), also on stomatopods (Pseudosquilla sp.) (Ref. 6448); and crustaceans (Ref. 37816). Preliminary data indicate that mature individuals spawn at any time of the year and mature (females?) at about 35 cm SL (Ref. 6448). Small juveniles mimic Centropyge vrolikii (Ref. 8631), and C. nox until they outgrow their model in size (Ref. 48635). Taken as part of the live reef food fish trade centered in China and In Hong Kong and are occasionally found in markets (Ref. 89707). They are caught with hook-and-line, spear, and probably in traps (Ref. 39231).
发现于岸礁与泻湖了, 时常淤泥的栖息地 (参考文献 48635), 在洞穴和孔洞里或附近在礁。 主要吃小鱼 (包括 Pempheris sp.), 也吃口足目动物 ( Pseudosquilla sp.);(参考文献 6448) 而且甲壳动物.(参考文献 37816) 初步的资料指出它在每年的任何时间产卵而且成熟 (雌性?) 于大约 35 公分 SL.(参考文献 6448) 小的稚鱼拟态 珠点刺尻鱼［Centropyge vrolikii］ (参考文献 8631), 与 C. nox ，直到他们在大小方面过大而不适于他们的模型。 (参考文献 48635) 在香港活鱼贩售。 (参考文献 27253)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
印度-西太平洋: 紅海到南非而且東至吉柏特島。 可能發現於印度洋的所有熱帶島嶼了。 (但是已經不再從留尼旺島也不模里西斯發現) 記錄自歐羅巴島了。 (MNHN 1992-0475, 參考文獻 33390)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.1 - 29, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2908 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00552 - 0.03150), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.71 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.1 [19.5, 56.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.311 [0.151, 0.637] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.2, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.136 [0.087, 0.211] g/100g; Selenium = 58.8 [33.8, 105.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 91.2 [25.0, 388.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.488 [0.315, 2.800] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
