分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 20 - 60 m (Ref. 89707). 熱帶; 36°N - 27°S, 31°E - 179°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to the Ryukyu Islands, Marshall Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, and northern Australia. Recently recorded from Tonga (Ref. 53797). Reported from Somalia and India by Heemstra & Randall in 1984 but valid records and specimens have not been found (Ref. 4787). Closely related to Epinephelus summana known only from the Red Sea.
印度-西太平洋: 東非到琉球群島，馬紹爾群島，斐濟，新加勒多尼亞與澳洲北部。 最近從東加記錄。 (參考文獻 53797) 在 1984 年記錄來自索馬利亞與印度由 Heemstra& Randall了，但是有效的記錄與標本沒有被發現。 (參考文獻 4787) 與已知只來自紅海的 白星石斑魚〔Epinephelus summana〕 親源相近。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 16 - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27362)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 14-16; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth 2.7-3.2 in SL; head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; head pointed, flat interorbital area, dorsal head profile slightly convex; preopercle rounded, serrae small and mostly covered by skin; upper edge of operculum strongly convex, the rear edge almost vertical, the upper spine extending posterior to lower spine; rear nostril diameter about twice that of anterior nostril; small, embedded scales on maxilla; 2-4 rows of small teeth at midlateral part of lower jaw; canines at front of jaws small or absent; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 15-18 (including 6 to 8 rudiments on each limb); caudal fin rounded; pectoral fins large and fleshy, with 15-17 rays, the fin length 1.4-1.7 in HL; short pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in HL; lateral-line scales 48-53; lateral scale series 95-110. Colour of body brown, with numerous small white spots (in specimens >10 cm SL), horizontally elongate and tend to form wavy white lines in adults, several round or irregular pale blotches (eye-sized or larger) usually superimposed over small white spots, head brown, with numerous small white spots dorsally behind eyes; black maxillary streak usually hidden by maxilla, median fins with small white spots and streaks, the posterior margin blackish with a white edge, paired fins are greyish brown; juveniles of about 6 cm SL are brown, covered with small, dark-edged white spots which are round, except on front part of dorsal fin where they are elongated; white spots on paired fins become fewer and fainter with growth, and are absent in adults (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102).
稚魚黑色的有白色的波爾卡舞點變成很多的﹐比較小, 而且合併側邊上隨著成長形成一個波浪狀線的圖案.(參考文獻 37816)
Inhabits inner coastal and lagoon reefs, also in brackish waters where it occurs in ledges and caves (Ref. 5213). Adults usually found deeper than 20 m (Ref. 48635). Solitary (Ref 90102). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 89707). A cryptic species which is not very common, but of some interest to fisheries in Japan (and probably elsewhere). Caught with hook-and-line, spear, and traps (Ref. 39231).
棲息於內部的岸礁與潟湖礁, 也在半鹹淡水域中在那裡它出現於岩架與洞穴中.(參考文獻 5213) 成魚通常在 20+ 公尺深。 (參考文獻 48635)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 東非到琉球群島，馬紹爾群島，斐濟，新加勒多尼亞與澳洲北部。 最近從東加記錄。 (參考文獻 53797) 在 1984 年記錄來自索馬利亞與印度由 Heemstra& Randall了，但是有效的記錄與標本沒有被發現。 (參考文獻 4787) 與已知只來自紅海的 白星石斑魚〔Epinephelus summana〕 親源相近。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.5 - 28.6, mean 27.8 °C (based on 320 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00756 - 0.01743), b=3.02 (2.90 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.8 [15.3, 69.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.518 [0.272, 1.055] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.3, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.145 [0.089, 0.233] g/100g; Selenium = 30.7 [17.2, 57.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 189 [46, 791] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.53 [1.03, 2.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
