Lithognathus mormyrus, Sand steenbras : fisheries, gamefish

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Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sand steenbras
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Lithognathus mormyrus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Lithognathus mormyrus (Sand steenbras)
Lithognathus mormyrus
Picture by Patzner, R.

Classification / Names आम नाम | उपशब्द | Catalog of Fishes(वर्ग, प्रजाति) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range पारिस्थितिकी

समुद्री; खारा ड़िमरसल; गहराई सीमा 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). Subtropical; 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E

वितरण देश | ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र | Ecosystems | संयोग | Point map | भूमिका | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar and Mediterranean; southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; around the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688); and Madeira Is (Ref. 74541). Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198), Red Sea (Ref. 84159) and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870).

Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age

Maturity: Lm 17.4, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3688); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 12 वर्षो (Ref. 13716)

Short description आकृति विज्ञान | मौरफोमैटरिक्स

पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण): 11; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण): 12-13; गुदा कांटा 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 10 - 11

जीवविज्ञान     शब्द संग्रह (उदाहरणार्थ epibenthic)

Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.

Life cycle and mating behavior परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा

A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.

Main reference Upload your references | संदर्भ | संयोजक | सहयोगीयो

Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 August 2009

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
FAO - मात्स्यिकी: landings; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

अधिक जानकारी

संदर्भ
जलीयकृषि
जलीयकृषि रूपरेखा
खींच
आनुवंशिकी
Electrophoreses
हैरेटिबिलटी
बीमारी
प्रक्रमण
Nutrients
Mass conversion
सहयोगीयो
तस्वीरे
Stamps, Coins Misc.
ध्वनि
सिगुयटिरा
रफ्तार
तैरने के प्रकार
गिल क्षेत्र
Otoliths
दिमाग
दृष्टि

साधन

Special reports

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इंटरनेट स्रोत

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 17.1 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 224 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5625   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01073 - 0.01347), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  3.4   ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.0 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12 growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref. 120179):  माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.24; tm=2).
Prior r = 0.70, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.05, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 72.3 [42.6, 133.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.62, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.289, 0.641] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.1, 49.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.68 [3.47, 23.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.831 [0.601, 1.145] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.