分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 20 - 200 m (Ref. 36128). 亞熱帶的; 32°N - 35°S, 18°E - 157°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Philippines, north to southern Japan and Korea, south to northern Australia. Introduced into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到菲律賓,北至日本南部與韓國, 南至澳洲北部。 引入地中海東部中了。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 45.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7050); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3476); 最大體重: 3.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數): 9 - 10; 背的軟條 (總數): 13; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 13. Brownish or grayish above, whitish below; caudal fin 2-3 horizontal black stripes (Ref. 4315). Head strongly depressed. Preopercular spines 2, lower usually longest. Vomerine teeth in a single transverse band. Dorsal fin I,VII,I, I,I,VII,I or I,VIII, 13. Anteriormost lateral line scale usually with a small spine or ridge. Diagonal scale rows slanting backward above lateral line 83-107. Iris lappet a single elongated lobe. Identified by the distinctive color pattern on the caudal fin: centrally yellow and black stripes on upper and lower margins (Ref. 48635).
褐色或淺灰色的上方, 腹面略白的; 尾鰭 2-3 水平的黑色斑紋.(參考文獻 4315) 頭部強烈地扁平的。 前鰓蓋骨棘 2, 低的通常長的。 在一條橫跨的條紋中的犛骨齒。 背鰭 I,7,I ， I ， I,7,I 或 I,8,13. 最前面的側線鱗片通常有一根小的棘或脊。 斜的鱗片列向後傾斜在側線上面 83-107. 虹膜垂部一個瘦長的葉。 在尾鰭上鑑定特徵為特殊的彩色斑紋了: 在上、下邊緣上的中心黃色與黑色的斑紋.(參考文獻 48635)
Found on sandy and muddy bottoms of coastal waters (Ref. 5213, 48635). Frequently in estuaries, juveniles have been taken in freshwater. Taken by handlining and seining in shallow waters and by trawling at depths to 30 m, usually less (Ref. 9790). A good food fish (Ref. 4315) that is marketed fresh (Ref. 5284). Commercially cultured in Japan. Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
棲息於沿岸水域的沙泥底了。 (參考文獻 5213,48635) 時常在河口，稚魚曾經採自淡水。 採自了手釣與圍網在淺水區中與使用拖網深達 30 公尺, 通常更少.(參考文獻 9790) 一個好食用魚 (參考文獻 4315) ，那是生鮮銷售.(參考文獻 5284) 商業地在日本養殖。 被用於中藥材了。 (參考文獻 12166)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Also Ref. 103751.印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到菲律賓,北至日本南部與韓國, 南至澳洲北部。 引入地中海東部中了。
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.7 - 28.3, mean 26.5 °C (based on 979 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00501 (0.00398 - 0.00631), b=3.05 (2.98 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.2 [3.4, 132.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.32, 3.24] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.5, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.211 [0.090, 0.614] g/100g; Selenium = 48.1 [16.2, 149.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 28.9 [8.7, 99.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.763 [0.357, 1.425] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
