Adults occur in a variety of habitats, over mud, sand and gravel bottoms; over coral reefs, off rocky shores (Ref. 10948) and in mangrove sloughs; inshore around pilings and buoys, and offshore around drifting and stationary objects; occasionally in estuaries (Ref. 9739). Form small groups and may pursue small pelagic inshore (Ref. 48635). Feed on crabs, fishes, and squids (Ref. 5213, 10948, 13442). Form spawning aggregations during the warm months in the western Atlantic; eggs and larvae planktonic (Ref. 12459). Caught in small quantities due to its solitary behavior (Ref. 9626). Caught mainly with handlines, and by trolling pelagically offshore over the continental shelf (Ref. 10948). Good food fish; marketed fresh (Ref. 5284), smoked, and frozen (Ref. 9987). Also caught for sport (Ref. 26938).
出现于多种栖息地,在泥之上,沙与碎石底部; 在珊瑚礁，外海的岩岸 (参考文献 10948) 之上与在红树林泥坑中; 桩材与浮标的周围沿海地区, 与漂流与静止的目标周围的外海; 偶见于河口。 (参考文献 9739) 形成小群鱼群而且可能追逐小型大洋性鱼类沿海地区.(参考文献 48635) 吃螃蟹，鱼与乌贼。 (参考文献 5213,10948,13442) 在大西洋西部中产卵于温暖的个月; 卵与仔鱼为浮游性.(参考文献 12459) 捕获量很少由于它的独居性行为.(参考文献 9626) 好食用鱼; 在市场上销售生鲜地 (参考文献 5284),烟熏了, 与冷冻.(参考文献 9987) 也游钓捕获。 (参考文献 26938)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 8.1 - 19.8, mean 12.9 (based on 1010 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00347 - 0.00661), b=3.11 (3.02 - 3.20), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.09-0.22; tm=2-3; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.38 - 0.87, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
