Adults occur in a variety of habitats, over mud, sand and gravel bottoms; over coral reefs, off rocky shores (Ref. 10948) and in mangrove sloughs; inshore around pilings and buoys, and offshore around drifting and stationary objects; occasionally in estuaries (Ref. 9739). Form small groups and may pursue small pelagic inshore (Ref. 48635). Feed on crabs, fishes, and squids (Ref. 5213, 10948, 13442). Form spawning aggregations during the warm months in the western Atlantic; eggs and larvae planktonic (Ref. 12459). Caught in small quantities due to its solitary behavior (Ref. 9626). Caught mainly with handlines, and by trolling pelagically offshore over the continental shelf (Ref. 10948). Good food fish; marketed fresh (Ref. 5284), smoked, and frozen (Ref. 9987). Also caught for sport (Ref. 26938).
出現於多種棲息地,在泥之上,沙與碎石底部; 在珊瑚礁，外海的岩岸 (參考文獻 10948) 之上與在紅樹林泥坑中; 樁材與浮標的周圍沿海地區, 與漂流與靜止的目標周圍的外海; 偶見於河口。 (參考文獻 9739) 形成小群魚群而且可能追逐小型大洋性魚類沿海地區.(參考文獻 48635) 吃螃蟹，魚與烏賊。 (參考文獻 5213,10948,13442) 在大西洋西部中產卵於溫暖的個月; 卵與仔魚為浮游性.(參考文獻 12459) 捕獲量很少由於它的獨居性行為.(參考文獻 9626) 好食用魚; 在市場上銷售生鮮地 (參考文獻 5284),煙燻了, 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 也遊釣捕獲。 (參考文獻 26938)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 8.1 - 19.8, mean 12.9 (based on 1010 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00347 - 0.00661), b=3.11 (3.02 - 3.20), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.09-0.22; tm=2-3; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.38 - 0.87, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
