Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - ? m. Subtropical
Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Panama, including the Galapagos Islands; rare in northern Baja California, Mexico. Range extends to Ecuador (Ref. 36576).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 48.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 2850); common length : 35.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9306); peso massimo pubblicato: 223.25 g (Ref. 124487)
Short description
Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria
Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 12 - 15; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 11 - 13; Vertebre: 54 - 58. Body elongate; lower jaw very prolonged; upper jaw short, triangular, and without scales; lower branch of first gill arch with 26 to 32 gill rakers; fins lacking spines; pectoral fins long; caudal fin deeply forked, the lower lobe longer than the upper; anal fin with 10 to 13 rays; back dark blue; flanks and belly silvery white; edge of lower jaw red; upper lobe of caudal fin violet blue, its tip red (Ref. 55763). Branchiostegal rays: 13-15 (Ref. 36576).
An oceanic species which occurs near surface. Adults form very big schools (Ref. 9306). Feed on small fishes and planktonic organisms (Ref. 9306). Oviparous, with planktonic larvae (Ref. 36576). Eggs are attached to floating objects via filaments (Ref. 36576). Found in markets of Panama (Ref. 9306).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; esca: occasionally
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 15.2 - 26.4, mean 19.7 (based on 68 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00220 - 0.00719), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Alto, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione meno di 15 mesi (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).