New Zealand country information

Common names: King salmon, Pacific salmon, Quinnat salmon
Occurrence: introduced
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: McDowall, R.M., 1990
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Known from the eastern South I., limited number in west of South I., and rare in North I. Range is expanding (Ref. 52336). In coastal waters, mainly east coast of South Island; migrates inshore and up rivers to spawn in late summer and autumn (Ref. 9258). Population in the South Island of New Zealand originated from Chinook eggs shipped between 1900 and 1906 from Battle Creek Hatchery in Sacramento River (Ref. 76986). Voucher specimen(s) held at the NMNZ (Ref. 5755). Also Ref. 1998, 6452, 6466, 7306, 27436, 43202, 58461.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.fish.govt.nz/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Welcomme, R.L., 1988
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Saumon royal, Salmón real, Чавыча, ... more

Classification / Names Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Salmoniformes (Salmons) > Salmonidae (Salmonids) > Salmoninae
Etymology: Oncorhynchus: Greek, onyx, -ychos = nail + Greek, rhyngchos = snout (Ref. 45335); tshawytscha: tshawytscha which is the vernacular name of this species in Kamchatka (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Walbaum.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Écologie

marin; eau douce; saumâtre benthopélagique; anadrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 0 - 375 m (Ref. 58426). Temperate; 0°C - 25°C (Ref. 35682); 71°N - 27°N, 136°E - 112°W (Ref. 54251)

Distribution Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Arctic, Northwest to Northeast Pacific: drainages from Point Hope, Alaska to San Joanquin and King rivers in California, USA (Ref. 86798). Also in Honshu, Japan (Ref. 6793), Sea of Japan (Ref. 1998), Bering Sea (Ref. 2850) and Sea of Okhotsk (Ref. 1998). Found in Coppermine River in the Arctic. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.

Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge

Maturity: L_m 82.2 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 40637); common length : 70.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 9258); poids max. publié: 61.4 kg (Ref. 27547); âge max. reporté: 9 années (Ref. 12193)

Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie

Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 10 - 14; Épines anales: 0; Rayons mous anaux: 13 - 19; Vertèbres: 67 - 75. Distinguished by the small black spots on the back and on the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin, and the black gums of the lower jaw (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, noticeably laterally compressed in large adults, somewhat deeper than other species (Ref. 6885). Gill rakers wide-spaced and rough; pelvic fins with axillary process (Ref. 27547). Fish in the sea are dark greenish to blue black on top of head and back, silvery to white on the lower sides and belly; numerous small, dark spots along back and upper sides and on both lobes of caudal; gum line of lower jaw black (Ref. 27547). In fresh water, with the approach of the breeding condition, the fish change to olive brown, red or purplish, the color change being more marked in males than in females (Ref. 27547).

Adults return to natal streams from the sea to spawn (Ref. 27547). Fry may migrate to the sea after only 3 months in fresh water, some may stay for as long as 3 years, but generally most stay a year in the stream before migrating (Ref. 27547). Some individuals remain close inshore throughout their lives, but some make extensive migrations (Ref. 27547, 44894). Also found in lakes (Ref. 1998). Possibly up to 375 m depth (Ref. 6793). Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Food in streams is mainly terrestrial insects and small crustaceans; in the sea, major food items include fishes, crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Ref. 27547). Young are preyed upon by fishes and birds (such as mergansers and kingfishers); adults are prey of large mammals and large birds (Ref. 1998). Highly regarded game fish (Ref. 27547). Flesh is usually red, but some are white; the red meat commands a higher price (Ref. 27547). Marketed fresh, smoked, frozen, and canned. Eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988). Viscera said to contain high vitamin A content and used successfully as food for hatchery fish (Ref. 28971, 28977).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves

Adults migrate up to 4,827 km upstream to spawn (Ref. 6850). Migration from the sea begins in December so that the the first fish are near river mouths by spring (Ref. 27547). Once a female selects a spot, she begins to dig a nest, driving away other females during the period of nest building. The female is attended by a larger, dominant male and several smaller males who drive away other males. While the female digs the nest, the male courts her by coming to rest beside her and quivering; by swimming about over her, touching her dorsal fin with his body and fins; and occasionally nudging her side gently with his snout (Ref. 28978). Upon completion of the nest, the female drops into it and is immediately joined by the dominant male. The fish open their mouths, vibrate, and eggs and sperm are released. At this point smaller males may dart into the nest and release sperm. The female then quickly moves to the upstrem edge of the nest and begins to dig. The eggs are covered and a new nest is made. The whole process is repeated until the female releases all her eggs, which may take several days. The male then leaves the female and may mate with another female. The female guards the nest for as long as she can. Spent adults usually die a few days after spawning. (Ref. 1998, 27547). Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).

Référence principale Upload your references | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs

Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)

Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Non évalué

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Menace pour l'homme

Potential pest (Ref. 12257)

Utilisations par l'homme

Pêcheries: hautement commercial; Aquaculture: commercial; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics

FAO(Aquaculture systems: production; pêcheries: production, Résumé espèce; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 0.7 - 8, mean 3.5 (based on 561 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00482 - 0.02276), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Niveau trophique (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.7 se; based on diet studies.

Résilience (Ref. 120179): Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (tm=4; tmax=9; Fec=4,000).

Prior r = 0.32, 95% CL = 0.21 - 0.48, Based on 10 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).

Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)