Occurs inshore and well offshore (Ref. 5578), over continental and insular shelves (Ref. 244). Coastal, pelagic, and semi-oceanic, but often bottom associated at 1-139 m (Ref. 58302). Migrates northward in summer; young often in large aggregations of hundreds of individuals (Ref. 13562). Prefers to feed on small sharks, skates and stingrays, but also preys on bony fishes, shrimps, crabs, barnacles and cephalopods (Ref. 244). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as being dangerous to people, though only few can be tentatively attributed to this species due to its occurrence in temperate waters (Ref. 244). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). Caught occasionally by shark and tuna longline fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized fresh, dried-salted, and possibly smoked for human consumption; liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hide for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Become sexually mature when 250 to 300 cm long. The female gives birth to 30 - 40 young (Ref. 35388).
生活於近海與相當外海 (參考文獻 5578), 遍及大陸棚與島嶼棚.(參考文獻 244) 海岸的, 大洋性 , 與半-大洋性的, 但是時常底部在 1-139 公尺聯合.(參考文獻 58302) 在夏天向北迴游; 常見於數以百計個體的大群集中的幼魚.(參考文獻 13562) 偏愛覓食小的鯊魚,魟魚與魟, 也捕食硬骨魚類,蝦,螃蟹,藤壺與頭足類動物.(參考文獻 244) 胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 被認為在對人類有危險性, 雖然唯一的很少可能是歸因於暫時的這種在溫帶的水域中由於它的發生.(參考文獻 244) 報告引起毒害。 (參考文獻 4690) 肉生鮮利用,乾燥鹽醃, 而且可能地煙燻.供人類消費; 肝油用於維他命 , 鰭用於湯, 隱藏用做皮革 , 與殘骸用於魚粉。 (參考文獻 244) 被用於中藥材.。 (參考文獻 12166) 性成熟.當 250 到 300 公分長。 母魚生產到 30- 40個幼魚.(參考文獻 35388)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 11.8 - 28.9, mean 26.5 (based on 3124 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00298 - 0.00532), b=3.08 (3.00 - 3.16), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.9 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=21; tm=8.8; Fec=20-40).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).