Amphihaline and anadromous fish (Ref. 51346, 51439), frequenting littoral zones (Ref. 2163, 51439, 51442). A long-lived and slow-growing species (Ref. 9988). It lives the major part of his life in sea but enters rivers for reproduction (Ref. 30578, 51442). Found on various substrates, from sand to rocks (Ref. 51346). At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, it inhabits estuaries and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Juveniles found both in estuaries and in the sea (Ref. 2163), they slowly adapt to saltwater (Ref. 89103) and usually spend around 2-3 years in river estuaries before moving to the sea (Ref. 40152), some may migrate to the sea during their first summer (Ref. 59043). Usually solitary. Feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, polychaete worms and small fish. Today most males only reach 100-150 cm length, females 130-215 cm (Ref. 59043, 89104). Utilized fresh and frozen, and also for caviar; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). A threatened species, mainly due to bycatch, poaching, habitat degradation (spawning grounds, nursery areas) and physical obstacles to migration (Ref. 26160).
Amphihaline 與河川洄游魚 (參考文獻 51346, 參考文獻 51439), 常出現於海濱的區域。 (參考文獻 2163, 參考文獻 51439, 參考文獻 51442) 它住他的被生活於的海洋的主要部份但是為繁殖進入河.(參考文獻 30578, 參考文獻 51442) 發現的稚魚在河口中與在海洋中.(參考文獻 2163) 通常獨居性的。 變成稀有。 (參考文獻 4537) 吃甲殼動物,軟體動物,多毛類的蠕蟲與小魚。 卵沈澱在沙子或礫石上面了。 一個長命而生長緩慢的種.(參考文獻 9988) 生鮮使用與冷凍, 以及對於魚子醬; 清蒸, 油鍋炸的﹐火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9988) 一個受威脅種,主要地由於誤捕,侵入, 棲息地減少 (產卵場, 繁殖場) 與迴游的物理障礙.(參考文獻 26160) 範圍 500-600 公分而且也許活超過 100 年。 在一個 7-9 年的年齡時性成熟。 產卵在深度在多石底部上的 2-10 公尺。 雌性生產附著到石頭的 800,000-2,400,000個黏黏的深灰色的卵。 (參考文獻 35388) 也參考文獻 40476.
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 7.3 - 18.8, mean 11 (based on 738 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00275 (0.00158 - 0.00480), b=3.13 (2.99 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (tm=7-20; tmax=100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).