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Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837)

Great hammerhead
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Sphyrna mokarran   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Sphyrna mokarran (Great hammerhead)
Sphyrna mokarran
Picture by University of Western Australia (UWA)


Saudi Arabia country information

Common names: [No common name]
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Compagno, L.J.V., 1984
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names Nomi Comuni | Sinonimi | Catalog of Fishes(Genere, Specie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchi (squali e razze) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (See ETYFish);  mokarran: Arabic vernacular for this shark, described from the Red Sea, possibly from mogharn, horned, referring to the shape of its head. (See ETYFish).
  More on author: Rüppell.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marino; salmastro; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 1 - 300 m (Ref. 37816), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 89972).   Subtropical; 40°N - 37°S, 180°W - 180°E

Distribuzione Stati | Aree FAO | Ecosystems | Presenze | Point map | Introduzioni | Faunafri

Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean and Morocco to Senegal. Indo-Pacific: throughout the Indian Ocean; Ryukyu Islands to New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Eastern Pacific: southern Baja California, Mexico to Peru. Highly migratory species.

Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age

Maturity: Lm 249.5, range 210 - 300 cm
Max length : 610 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 244); common length : 370 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 13562); peso massimo pubblicato: 449.5 kg (Ref. 40637); Età massima riportata: 30 anni (Ref. 116211)

Short description Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria

Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Spine anali: 0. A very large hammerhead also with a notch at the center of the head (Ref. 5578). Front margin of head gently curved in juveniles, becoming nearly straight in adults, with slight median notch (Ref. 26938). 1st dorsal fin very high and curved; 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins high and with deeply concave rear margins. Light grey or grey-brown above, white below; fins without conspicuous markings (Ref. 5578).

Biologia     Glossario (es. epibenthic)

A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark, found close inshore and well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces, and in passes and lagoons (Ref. 244, 58302). Often bottom and reef associated at 1-80 m (Ref. 58302). Prefers to feed on stingrays and other batoids, groupers and sea catfishes, but also preys on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays, and lobsters (Ref. 244, 13562, 1602). A viviparous species, with 13-42 of about 56 to 70 cm young in a litter (Ref. 26938, 1602). Potentially dangerous to people (Ref. 13562) but only few, if any, of the attacks on people can be definitely attributed to it because of the apparent difficulty of distinguishing large hammerhead species involved in attacks (Ref. 244). Caught occasionally by target shark longline, demersal tangle net and tuna gillnet fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized for human consumption (fresh, fresh-frozen, dried-salted, and smoked), liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hides for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Its large fins, including the tail, sail-like first dorsal fin, are prized in the Oriental sharkfin trade (Ref. 47737).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve

Viviparous with a yolk sac placenta and 13-42 young in a litter (Ref. 244); 6-42 pups after gestation period of ~11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50 to 70 cm TL (Ref.58048, Ref. 13562).

Main reference Upload your references | Bibliografia | Coordinatore : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Collaboratori

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Critically Endangered (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 09 November 2018

CITES (Ref. 128078)


Threat to humans

Other (Ref. 244)




Human uses

Pesca: commerciale
FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Informazioni ulteriori

Trophic ecology
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Diet compositions
Food consumptions
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Predatori
Ecology
Ecologia
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Population dynamics
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Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
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Egg(s)
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Dinamica popolazioni larvali
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Visual pigment(s)
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Toxicities (LC50s)
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 21.3 - 28.9, mean 27.2 (based on 4410 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5029   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00229 (0.00133 - 0.00396), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  4.3   ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Ref. 120179):  Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (tmax=30; tm=8.2; Fec=13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   High.