United Kingdom country information

Common names: Common sole, Dover sole, Lleden chwithig
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Sole commune, Lenguado común, 欧洲鳎, ... more

Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ökologie

seewasser; brackwasser demersal; ozeanodrom (Ref. 51243); tiefenbereich 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302). Subtropical; 8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944); 64°N - 14°N, 25°W - 38°E (Ref. 54889)

Verbreitung Länder | FAO Gebiete | Ecosystems | Vorkommen | Point map | Einführungen | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).

Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter

Maturity: L_m 30.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 5504); max. veröff. Gewicht: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); max. veröff. Alter: 26 Jahre (Ref. 32766)

Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie

Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 69 - 97; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 53 - 80; Wirbelzahl: 46 - 52. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).

Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas (such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C).

Hauptreferenz Upload your references | Referenzen | Koordinator | Partner

Desoutter, M., 1992. Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395)

IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)

Daten mangelhaft (DD) ; Date assessed: 15 July 2014

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Bedrohung für Menschen

Harmless

Nutzung durch Menschen

Fischereien: hoch kommerziell; Aquakultur: kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja; Aquarium: Öffentliche Aquarien

FAO(Aquaculture systems: production; Fischereien: production, Artbeschreibung; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 9 - 20, mean 11.4 (based on 678 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00632 - 0.00830), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.

Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000).

Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 40 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

Preiskategorie (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)