Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal, usually 11 - 13 m (Ref. 58018). Subtropical; 37°N - 19°N, 98°W - 70°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Cuba, and around Gulf of Mexico to Texas, USA.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 26340)
Found from bays and estuaries to the mid-shelf.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
More information
Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Morphometrics
Morphology
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Recruitment
Abundance
BRUVS
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsElectrophoresesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.4 - 27.8, mean 26.5 °C (based on 341 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00525 (0.00220 - 0.01254), b=3.13 (2.92 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 118 [57, 252] mg/100g; Iron = 1.25 [0.67, 2.29] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.5, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.388 [0.179, 1.038] g/100g; Selenium = 29.5 [14.4, 66.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.5 [9.7, 59.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.913 [0.617, 1.331] mg/100g (wet weight);