Environment: milieu / climate zone / गहराई सीमा / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री बेनथोपिलाजिक; गहराई सीमा 20 - 200 m (Ref. 3198). Subtropical; 32°S - 35°S
Western Indian Ocean: Natal to Table Bay in South Africa.
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm 29.5, range 23 - 29.7 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3507); common length : 60.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3507); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 3.5 kg (Ref. ); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 27 वर्षो (Ref. 50711)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 12; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10; गुदा कांटा: 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 8.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
An important food fish. Adults feed mainly on fish, crustaceans and cephalopods (Ref. 4350). Spawn mainly during summer (Ref. 4350). Sometimes undertake large-scale migrations (Ref. 4350).
Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (संदर्भ
123201): 12.6 - 19.5, mean 16.3 °C (based on 19 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00618 - 0.02036), b=3.03 (2.88 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (संदर्भ
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): निम्न, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 4.5 - 14 वर्ष। (tm=5-6; tmax=27; K=0.07-0.08; Fec=11,000-1 million).
Prior r = 0.22, 95% CL = 0.15 - 0.33, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33.8 [19.0, 63.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.793 [0.449, 1.403] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.8, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.327 [0.205, 0.530] g/100g; Selenium = 37.8 [16.7, 79.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.8 [6.5, 83.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.691 [0.483, 0.968] mg/100g (wet weight);
