Environment: milieu / climate zone / गहराई सीमा / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; खारा pelagic-oceanic; औशिनोड़िरोमस (Ref. 51243); गहराई सीमा 1 - 550 m (Ref. 58302). Subtropical; 61°N - 52°S, 99°E - 70°W
North Pacific: Gulf of Alaska to southern California and Baja California and from Sakhalin Island in the southern Sea of Okhotsk south to northern Philippines. There are four substantiated records of this subspecies in the southern hemisphere: off Western Australia, southeast Pacific (37°11'S, 114°41'W) and Gulf of Papua (Ref. 10997). The species occurs mainly in the northern Pacific but ventures into New Zealand waters for at least three months during spring and early summer (Ref. 83312).
आकार / वज़न / Age
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 300 cm FL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 9340); common length : 200 cm FL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 9340); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 450.0 kg (Ref. 47525); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 15 वर्षो (Ref. 83312)
Mean number of gill rakers 35.9. First ventrally directed parapophysis on vertebra number 8. Dorsal wall of body cavity has a narrow bulge with lateral concavity and wide lateral trough. Caudal keels dark.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Epipelagic, usually oceanic, but seasonally coming close to shore (Ref. 168). Tolerates ample temperature intervals (Ref. 168). Forms schools by size, sometimes with other scombrids (Ref. 168). Migrates between June and September in a northward direction along the coast of Baja California, Mexico and California (Ref. 168). A voracious predator that feeds on a wide variety of small schooling fishes and squids, also on crabs crabs and to a lesser degree on sessile organisms (Ref. 168). Marketed fresh and frozen.
Collette, B.B., 1995. Scombridae. Atunes, bacoretas, bonitos, caballas, estorninos, melva, etc. p. 1521-1543. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9340)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: उच्च वाणिज्य; जलीयकृषि: व्यापारिक; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (संदर्भ
123201): 13.9 - 28.1, mean 24.3 °C (based on 983 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00641 - 0.02973), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (संदर्भ
69278): 4.5 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 10.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (tm=3-5; tmax=15; K=0.1-0.2).
Prior r = 0.25, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 3 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 18.3 [10.0, 32.3] mg/100g; Iron = 2.32 [0.96, 5.79] mg/100g; Protein = 24.2 [22.7, 25.5] %; Omega3 = 0.403 [0.246, 0.662] g/100g; Selenium = 42.6 [16.1, 118.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.5 [2.9, 199.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.355 [0.211, 0.717] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
