Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); αμφίδρομο (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 0 - 5 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 20°C - 28°C (Ref. 13371); 35°N - 33°S, 48°E - 171°W
Indo-Pacific: Kuwait to Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. Reported from Samoa (Ref. 9710), Tonga (Ref. 53797), and the Society Islands (Ref. 2847).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 14 - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 108711); common length : 20.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3489)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά): 10 - 11; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά): 16-18; Εδρικές άκανθες 4; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 13 - 15. Ground colour greenish. Juveniles with a few large roundish blotches, about size of eye, or with about 5 or 6 broad, dark, vertical bars. In large adults, spots may be faint and restricted to dorsal part of flanks. Body quadrangular, strongly compressed. Dorsal head profile steep. Eye moderately large, its diameter somewhat smaller than snout length. Snout rounded. Mouth small, horizontal, not protractile. Teeth villiform, in several rows on jaws (ref 43044).
Inhabit harbors, natural embayments, brackish estuaries and the lower reaches of freshwater streams, frequently occurring among mangroves. Feed on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020, 44894, 48637). The dorsal, anal and pelvic spines are believed by Philippine fishers to be venomous and capable of inflicting wounds (Ref. 6565). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Marketed as fresh (Ref. 12693).
Multiple spawner (Ref. 102820).
Allen, G.R., 1984. Scatophagidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3489)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; Υδατοκαλλιέργειες: Εμπορικό(ά); Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.4 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2701 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03236 (0.02371 - 0.04416), b=2.92 (2.83 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.0 ±0.35 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 0.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (tm=1; Fec=337,309; K=1.2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.7 [40.4, 127.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.8 [0.5, 1.4] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [18.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.0919 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 28.9 [14.3, 62.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.8 [6.1, 87.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.49 [0.96, 2.24] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
