Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau berasosiasi dengan karang; amphidromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 60 m (Ref. 37816). Tropical; 38°N - 35°S, 20°E - 169°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Samoa, north to southern Japan, southern Korea, and the Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island. Palau and Yap in Micronesia (Ref. 1602). Sometimes enters freshwaters of East Africa (Lake Malawi) and Madagascar (Ref. 3879). First record in the Mediterranean (Ref. 123740),
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 16.9 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.2 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 127810); common length : 25.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3478); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 7 Tahun (Ref. 240)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 1; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 69-115; Duri dubur 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 58 - 82. This species has the dorsal and anal fins continuous with caudal fin; with 4 pairs of mouth barbels; and a single highly venomous serrate spine at the beginning of the first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins (Ref. 1602).
Coastal benthic (Ref. 68964). The only catfish found in coral reefs. Also found in estuaries, tide pools and open coasts. Juveniles form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish; adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day (Ref. 1602, 5503, 12693, 37816, 48635). Adults search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish (Ref. 5213). Oviparous, with demersal eggs and planktonic larvae (Ref. 205). The highly venomous serrate spine of the first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins are dangerous, and even fatal in rare cases (Ref. 1602).
The male in the spawning pair constructs the nest under rocks and other large pieces of debris (Ref. 240). After spawning, the female departs while the male guards the eggs.
Taylor, W.R. and J.R. Gomon, 1986. Plotosidae. p. 160-162. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISBN, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3879)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.5 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1536 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00458 - 0.00830), b=3.12 (3.04 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.44-0.45; tm=1-3; tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.1 [24.8, 136.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.646 [0.386, 1.153] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [15.6, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.189 [0.101, 0.357] g/100g; Selenium = 31.8 [18.0, 62.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 80.2 [26.5, 245.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.35 [0.94, 1.87] mg/100g (wet weight);
