Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री प्रवाल-भित्ति संयुक्त; गहराई सीमा 5 - 100 m (Ref. 6390). Tropical; 21°N - 28°S, 117°E - 159°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Pacific: Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819), Solomon Islands, and Australia (from Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia to Gladstone, Queensland) (Ref. 3150). This species was formerly listed as occurring in the western Indian Ocean based on a misidentification of Plectropomus pessuliferus.
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 125 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 90102); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5222)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 7 - 8; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10 - 12; गुदा कांटा: 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 8.
Found in protected coastal reef in mixed algae and coral habitat (Ref. 48635). Common on inshore coastal reefs but absent in clear offshore reefs (Ref. 9710). Juveniles have a demersal existence in shallow water in reef habitats, especially around coral rubble (Ref. 27259). Migrate over short distances to spawn, forming aggregations (Ref. 6390). May move into shallow water to feed (Ref. 6390). Eggs float just below the water surface (Ref. 6390). Pelagic larvae are found in habitats similar to those of the adults (Ref. 27260). Juveniles feed on small fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid (Ref. 27261). Commonly used for food. Its flesh is delicate and well appreciated (Ref. 5503). Solitary (Ref 90102).
Confirmed for diandry (Ref. 103751).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30298)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक; जलीयकृषि: व्यापारिक; आखेट मत्स्य: हां
साधन
Special reports
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.1 - 28.8, mean 27.8 °C (based on 466 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00581 - 0.02169), b=3.05 (2.89 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.21; tm=2-3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.9 [13.3, 35.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.483 [0.267, 0.780] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [16.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.133 [0.089, 0.206] g/100g; Selenium = 47.8 [28.7, 84.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 75.7 [28.7, 229.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.7 [0.5, 1.0] mg/100g (wet weight);
