Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243). Tropical
Southeast Atlantic: known only from Mossel Bay and the Kosi Estuary in South Africa. Reported from Angola (Ref. 3468) and Mozambique (Ref. 12484).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 38.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4393); max. published weight: 3.1 kg (Ref. 4699)
Occur mainly in estuaries, congregating over mud-banks (Ref. 2830). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Omnivore (Ref. 97629). Fleshy highly esteemed (Ref. 4393).
van der Elst, R., 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. C. Struik, Cape Town. 367 p. (Ref. 3670)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes
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