Ikan bertulang rawan (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Dipturus: Greek, di = two + Greek, pteryx = fin (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 1500 m (Ref. 114953), usually ? - 200 m (Ref. 114953). Temperate; 49°N - 70°N, 32°W - 15°E (Ref. 114953)
Northeast Atlantic: Iceland to the British isles, it was formerly more widespread, including the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa, but its range is thought to be reduced due to fishing.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 285 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 114424); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 113.0 kg (Ref. 114424)
deskripsi pendek
Morfologi | Morfometrik
duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 0; Duri dubur 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 0. This species is characterized by the following: snout long and pointed, length 3.7-5.1 times orbit length; disc broadly rhombic, anterior margin deeply concave; a row of 12-18 predorsal thorns in median row along tail (disc smooth in young); lateral thorns on tail pointed towards head; interspace between dorsal fins (2.4 ± 0.5 TL); upper surface dark olive-green in young with small pale spots, becoming greyish-brown; underside greyish or whitish; iris olive green (Ref. 114953, 127223).
A benthic species found in shelf and slope waters, mainly within the 200 m range but occasionally down to 1,500 m (Ref. 114953, 127218, 127220, 127222). Feeds on all kinds of bottom invertebrates and fish, including other skates (Ref. 114953). Oviparous, with long embryonic development. Males reach maturity at ca. 185 cm TL, females at 197 cm TL; birth size at ca. 29 cm TL, from large egg cases (up to 25 cm) (Ref. 114953). Biology unclear due to past taxonomic confusion.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Last, P.R., S. Weigmann and L. Yang, 2016. Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes). In: Last and Yearsley (eds.). Rays of the World: Supplementary Information. CSIRO Special Publication. 11-34. (Ref. 118749)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
informasi lanjut
Nama-nama umumSinonim (persamaan)metabolismePemangsaEkotoksikologiReproduksi, perkembang biakanKematanganPemijahanSpawning aggregationFecunditytelur-telurpekembangan telor
Umur / SaizPertumbuhanpanjang-beratpanjang-panjangukuran frekuensiMorfometrikMorfologiLarvaDinamika larvapemulihanKelimpahanBRUVS
AcuanBudidaya airprofil budidaya airStrainGenetikaElectrophoresesDiturunkanPenyakit-penyakitPengolahanNutrientsMass conversion
mitraGambarStamps, Coins Misc.Suara-suaraCiguateraKecepatanTipe renangArea insangOtolithsOtakPenglihatan / visi
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00282 (0.00133 - 0.00596), b=3.25 (3.08 - 3.42), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
