FB-11813 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11813 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Gobiiformes Gobiidae Pandaka Pandaka trimaculata Akihito & Meguro, 1975 Suidelike skulpoortjie Suidelike skulp-oortjie Knérie šplhavá Airbreathing shellear Southern kneria Kõrvukkneeria 大耳克奈魚 大耳克奈鱼 Kneria articulata (Pellegrin, 1905) Kneria auriculatus (Pellegrin, 1905) Kneria autriculata (Pellegrin, 1905) Xenopomatichthys auricularis (Pellegrin, 1905) Xenopomatichthys auriculatus (Pellegrin, 1905) Xenopomichthys auriculatus Pellegrin, 1905 1994-07-21 2009-08-18 Jackson, P.B.N.0 The fishes of Northern Rhodesia. A check list of indigenous species. The Government Printer, Lusaka. 140 p. (Ref. 246) Boulenger, G.A.0 Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I. Printed by order of the Trustees, London. 373 p. (Ref. 1878) Boulenger, G.A.0 Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume IV. London. 392 p. (Ref. 1880) Poll, M.0 Les genres des poissons d'eau douce de l'Afrique. Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Sci. Zool., 54:191 p. (Ref. 3062) Poll, M.0 Kneriidae. p. 129-133. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3565) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) Bruton, M.N., P.B.N. Jackson and P.H. Skelton0 Pocket guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Centaur Publishers, p.88. (Ref. 5214) Skelton, P.H.0 South African red data book - fishes. A report of the Committee for Nature Conservation Research National Programme for Ecosystem Research. Sth. Afr. Natl. Sci. Programmes Rep. 137:206 p. (Ref. 6385) Skelton, P.H.0 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) Skelton, P.H.0 Scientific and common names of southern African freshwater fishes. Spec. Publ. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. 56:34 p. (Ref. 9703) Anonymous0 Fish registrations within the museum database of the Vertebrate Section of the Royal Museum for Central Africa. MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium. (Ref. 12818) Skelton, P.H.0 Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa. p.95-131. In G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan and J.J. Albaret (eds.) Biological diversity of African fresh-and brackish water fishes. 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Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Skelton, P.H.0 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) Jubb, R.A.0 A note on a collection of freshwater fishes being prepared for the Queen Victoria Museum. Occ. pap. Nat. Mus. Sth. Rhod. 19:690-698. (Ref. 52951) Bell-Cross, G.0 The distribution of fishes in central Africa. Fish. Res. Bull. Zambia 4:3-20. (Ref. 52958) Bell-Cross, G.0 Additions and amendments to the check list of the fishes of Zambia. Puku Occ. Pap. Dept. Game Fish. Zambia 3:29-43. (Ref. 52959) Chinese Academy of Fishery Science (CAFS)0 Database of genetic resources of aquatic organisms in China (as of January 2007). Chinese Academy of Fishery Science. (Ref. 57879) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Bowmaker, A.P., P.B.N. Jackson and R.A. Jubb0 Freshwater fishes. p. 1181-1230. In M.J. Werger and A.C. van Bruggen (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Monographiae Biologicae 31. 1439 pp. (Ref. 80059) Jubb, R.A.0 An illustrated guide to the freshwater fishes of the Zambezi River, Lake Kariba, Pungwe, Sabi, Lundi, and Limpopo Rivers. Stuart manning, Bulawayo. 171 p. (Ref. 83372) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Bell-Cross, G.0 The fish fauna of the Buzi River system in Rhodesia and Moçambique. Arnoldia Rhod. 6(5):1-14. (Ref. 86436) Ladiges, W. and J. Voelker0 Untersuchungen über die Fishfauna in Gebirgsgewässern des Wasserscheidenhochlands in Angola. Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. 59:117-140. (Ref. 88971) Pellegrin, J.0 Poisson nouveau du Mozambique. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 11:145-146. (Ref. 88972) Bell-Cross, G.0 The fish fauna of the Zambezi river system. Arnoldia 5(29):1-19. (Ref. 88977) Kleynhans, C.J.0 Aspects of the ecology of <i>Kneria auriculata</i> (Pellegrin, 1905) (Pisces: Kneriidae) from the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. J. Limnol. Soc. Sth. Afr. 14(2):108-118. (Ref. 88978) Poll, M.0 Descriptions de poissons nouveaux recueillis dans la région d'Albertville (Congo Belge) par le Dr. G. Pojer. Bull Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. 20(3):1-12. (Ref. 89080) Grande, T.0 Phylogeny and paedomorphosis in an African family of freshwater fishes (Gonorynchiformes: Kneriidae). Fieldiana 78:1-20. (Ref. 89095) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) FB-GeneralDescr-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Usually found in small headwater streams with fast water associated with rapids and a boulder stream floor, with or without aquatic vegetation (Ref. 12524). Shoals occur in pools of small, clear, silt-free, rocky streams; reported to breathe air and to climb over damp rocks and up the sides of waterfalls during migrations (Ref. 13721, 52959). Can tolerate living out of the water for a long time if conditions are damp (Ref. 246, 5214, 13721). Scrapes diatoms, algae, and detritus from rock surfaces and also takes small aquatic insects such as mayfly nymphs and midge larvae; matures after a year; breeds in spring and summer, larger females bear up to 600 eggs (Ref. 52959). Moves on to flooded grasslands during the rainy season (Ref. 12524, 13337). Males and females have been observed swimming together, apparently joined side by side by means of the males' opercular disc (Ref. 12524). Poll, M. 1984 Kneriidae. p. 129-133. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3565) FB-DiagnosticDescr-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2012-01-04 00:00:00 2023-11-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 Description: body cylindrical, slightly humped at mid-body (Ref. 5214, 12524), well covered with mucus (Ref. 5214). Body depth equals head length, 4.5 times in standard length; eye diameter 3 times in head length; jaws without teeth, lower jaw with sharp cutting edge; eyes lateral, visible from below and above (Ref. 88972). Head smooth, rounded; mouth ventral, bow-shaped (Ref. 6385, 52193). Dorsal fin with 2-3 unbranched and 7-9 branched rays, anal with 3 unbranched and 6-8 branched rays; pectoral fin with 14-15 rays (Ref. 52193, 88972, 88973). No enlarged scale at base of pelvic fins (Ref. 88972). Dorsal fin situated above pelvic fin base (Ref. 42135, 45616), or pelvic fin base slightly in front of dorsal fin base (Ref. 13721). Dorsal fin placed equidistant between anterior margin of eye and end of scaly process on caudal peduncle (Ref. 6385, 12524). Scales minute (Ref. 6385). Number of lateral line scales very variable (60-100) and population dependent (Ref. 13721, 42135, 45616). Lateral line arched to avoid opercular organ/contact organ (Ref. 52193). Opercular apparatus only in males; males more elongated than females (Ref. 41590).Colouration: Body yellowish grey (Ref. 88972), mottled with dark blotches (Ref. 13721, 52193) above the thin, dark lateral stripe (Ref. 13721, 52193, 88972) which is located on trunk and caudal peduncle (Ref. 52193). A few small dark blotches on the lateral line towards the caudal peduncle (Ref. 13721). Upper parts of body darker; minute black dots, more or less distinct, at the base of dorsal, anal and pelvic fins; ventral side of head and caudal peduncle whitish (Ref. 88972). Some specimens with dark spot at base of ventral and anal fins (Ref. 13721). Dark spot at base of pelvic and pectoral fins (Ref. 52193).Description: details on skull osteology, digestive tract, pectoral girdle and structure of epibranchial and opercular organs can be found in Ref. 88973. Pellegrin, J. 1905 Poisson nouveau du Mozambique. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 11:145-146. (Ref. 88972) FB-Morphology-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2012-01-04 00:00:00 2023-11-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 10; Anal spines: 0; Analsoft rays: 8 - 11 Pellegrin, J. 1905 Poisson nouveau du Mozambique. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 11:145-146. (Ref. 88972) FB-Distribution-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2023-11-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Africa: most mountain and plateau tributaries of the Zambezi, Pungwe, Buzi, Sabi/Save and Runde/Lundi rivers (Ref. 83372) in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. Also in the upper Congo River basin (Lualaba, upper Lualaba, Lake Mweru and Luapula) (Ref. 45616) in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. A relict southern pocket occurs in the Crocodile (Incomati system), Transvaal (Ref. 7248, 52193). Identity of specimens from the Kafue and upper Zambezi requires confirmation (Ref. 52193). Not recorded from coastal areas (Ref. 5214). Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) FB-Uses-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: of potential interest; aquarium: potential Bell-Cross, G. 1965 Additions and amendments to the check list of the fishes of Zambia. Puku Occ. Pap. Dept. Game Fish. Zambia 3:29-43. (Ref. 52959) FB-Migration-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=11815&StockCode=12140 Male and female have been observed swimming side by side apparently joined by the opercular organ of the male; this is probably an adaptation to ensure the efficient external fertilization of ova in a flowing water environment (Ref. 88978). Breeding appears to be correlated with the start and ending of the rainy season; possibly exhibits multiple spawning over a prolonged breeding season (Ref. 88978). Kleynhans, C.J. 1988 Aspects of the ecology of <i>Kneria auriculata</i> (Pellegrin, 1905) (Pisces: Kneriidae) from the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. J. Limnol. Soc. Sth. Afr. 14(2):108-118. (Ref. 88978) FB-Size-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 7.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 52193)); max. reported age: 3 years (Ref. 7248) Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-11815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1994-07-21 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11815 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology benthopelagic; potamodromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)