FB-2388 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Osteoglossiformes Arapaimidae Heterotis Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) Heterotis Trepake Nauk Ngoll Ngollo N'golô Noag Nok Fana Fantang nilský Afrikansk knogletunge Westafrikanischer Knochenzüngler African arowana African bony tongue African bonytongue Bony tongue Heterotis No name Stoneside Aafrika kontkeel Klupisudis Efa Fa Afrikanarapaima Poisson sans nom Bahli Bali Balli Bargi Begigi Berigi Dan shakata Nakantala Kpokpo Okpo Kawi Bakkata Balde Dugande Sanqueleela Warsenali Muzalazala Fanntang N'diaguel Afo Aika Alapa Kano Ofo Akau Bala Congo ya sika Dese Egogi Ekeu Epan Faanan Fanntang Katakpi Kawouro Kodo Kondo Lareo Lek N'gol Noussa Ohkwa Olak Paï Penge Poï Pwon Rakako Riki Tou 尼罗鲱柱鱼 尼羅異耳骨舌魚 尼羅鯡柱魚 尼罗异耳骨舌鱼 Clupisudis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) Heterotis adansoni Valenciennes, 1847 Heterotis adansonii (Cuvier, 1829) Heterotis ehrenbergii Valenciennes, 1847 Heterotis nilotica (Cuvier, 1829) Sudis adansonii Cuvier, 1829 Sudis nilotica Cuvier, 1829 Sudis niloticus Cuvier, 1829 Sudis niloticus Rüppell, 1829 1991-03-04 2024-01-15 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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Omoniyi0 Length-weight relationship, condition factor and sex ratio of forty six important fishes in a tropical flood river. Res. J. Fish Hydro. 4(2):65-72. (Ref. 118485) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta0 Culture of fish in rice fields. FAO and The WorldFish Center, 83 p. (Ref. 119549) Moritz, T., Z.N. El Dayem, M.A. Abdallah and D. Neumann0 New and rare records of fishes from the White Nile in the Republic of the Sudan. Cybium 43(2):137-151. (Ref. 120561) Machacek, H. (ed.)0 World Records Freshwater Fishing: News, April 2019 Edition. http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/ (Ref. 121466) Tah, L., G.B. Goore and K.S. Da Costa0 Length-weight relationship for 36 freshwater fish species from two tropical reservoirs: Ayamé I and Buyo, Côte d'Ivoire. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60(4):1847-1856. (Ref. 123661) Hontonyon, E. W.0 Fish catches among water side communities of Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria. Lagos State University, Department of Fisheries, Thesis. (Ref. 132914) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274), able to survive in deoxygenated waters; the hardiness of this fish, together with its great growth rate make it a candidate for aquaculture in Africa and it has been transported to a number of countries for this purpose (Ref. 1739, 50623). Escapees from ponds into the wild resulted in established populations, which form the basis for fisheries (Ref. 1739). Maximum observed length in Lake Kainji: 100 cm, observed weight: 10000 g (Ref. 3034, 3799). Young found in swampy places among aquatic vegetation (Ref. 5156, 30488). Adults live in open water of rivers and lakes, in both the pelagic and littoral zone (Ref. 5156). Feeds on mud (Ref. 6160, 28714), phytoplankton (Ref. 3023, 28714, 31256), vegetable debris and small invertebrates (Ref. 28714). The only plankton-feeder of the Osteoglossidae (Ref. 13851). Suprabranchial organ has a sensory function and a mechanic function in concentrating little food particles (Ref. 3012, 50624). During breeding, mature adults create a circular nest in swamps (Ref. 13851, 26281, 41544). Young leave the nest after a few days and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281). Paugy, D. 1990 Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1992-06-11 00:00:00 2022-10-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Elongated and robust body, its height 3.5-5 times in SL (Ref. 2920). Relatively short head, its length 3.5-5 times in standard length (Ref. 2920, 5156). Dermal bones of cranium deeply carved by large sensory pits (Ref. 1878, 2920). Lips thick; dermal flap on border of gill cover (Ref. 13851). Teeth conical (Ref. 5156). Dorsal and anal fins spineless, elongated and posteriorly positioned, ending close to the small, rounded caudal fin (Ref. 3032, 13851, 28714, 30488). Caudal peduncle very short (Ref. 2756, 3054, 3069). Scales strong, thick, large (Ref. 28714, 30488), oval, with exposed portion thick and corrugated, with a more or less vermiform sculpture (Ref. 53264). 34-40 lateral-line scales, 2.5/6 scales on lateral side of body before pelvic fin, 5-6 scales between dorsal and anal fin (Ref. 367, 2756, 2920, 5156). Lateral line a straight line from above operculum to middle of caudal peduncle (Ref. 1878). Number of gill rakers increases with size: 33 (young) to 98 on ceratobranchial and 21 (young) to 76 on epibranchial (Ref. 2920). Young specimens with external gills (Ref. 30488). Coloration a uniform gray, brown or bronze (Ref. 2920), darker during period of reproduction (Ref. 367). Young specimens often with dark longitudinal bands and scales with an oval spot in posterior zone of anal and dorsal fins (Ref. 2920). Paugy, D. 1990 Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920) FB-Morphology-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1992-06-11 00:00:00 2022-10-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 32 - 37; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 34 - 39; Vertebrae: 66 - 69 Paugy, D. 1990 Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920) FB-Distribution-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2022-02-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 Africa: native in all basins of the Sahelo-Sudanese region, the Senegal, Gambia, Corubal, Volta, Ouémé, Niger, Bénoue, Chad and Nile basins and Lake Turkana (Ref. 2920, 3012, 3514). Successful introductions in the storage reservoirs of Côte d'Ivoire, Cross, Sanaga, Nyong and Ogowe rivers and the lower and middle Congo basin, including Ubangui and Kasaï (Ref. 2920); rapidly enlarged its distribution in the Lualaba, upper Congo basin, after extraordinary inundations in 1979 (Ref. 51906). Also introduced in Madagascar (Ref. 3514, 13333). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Paugy, D. 1990 Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920) FB-Uses-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) FB-LifeCycle-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2388&StockCode=2582 Breeds in the wet season in swamps and floodplains (Ref. 28714), building a circular nest about 1 m in diameter and 20 to 60 cm deep (Ref. 26281). The rim of the nest is a high wall formed out of plant chunks, about 15-20 cm thick and projecting above the water surface; the bottom is a clean platform of clay or mud; after spawning the fish leave by way of a hole in the wall through which, 5 days later, the young leave the nest and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281). Also Ref. 3074, 10609, 36900. Balon, E.K. 1975 Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32(6):821-864. (Ref. 26281) FB-TrophicStrategy-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-02-27 00:00:00 2004-09-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public niloticus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Heterotis niloticus inhabits open water, fringing vegetation and swamps (Ref. 28714). It is predominantly microphagous (Ref. 13851, Ref. 30488) and feeds on mud, phytoplankton, vegetable debris and small invertebrates (Ref. 28714). This fish is a non-specialized bottom-feeder (Ref. 45895). Hickley, P. and R.G. Bailey 1987 Food and feeding relationships of fish in the Sudd swamps (River Nile, southern Sudan). J. Fish Biol. 30(2):147-159. (Ref. 6160) FB-Size-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology 100.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 31256)); max. published weight: 10.2 kg (Ref. 2920) Olaosebikan, B.D. and A. Raji 1998 Field guide to Nigerian freshwater fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigeria. 106 p. (Ref. 31256) Paugy, D. 1990 Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-2388-365 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-06-17 00:00:00 2005-06-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=2388&StockCode=2582 Sporozoa-infection (Myxobolus sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-2388-1574 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-19 00:00:00 2005-07-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=2388&StockCode=2582 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Tenuisentis Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Habitat-2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2388 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats pelagic; freshwater; depth range 1 - ? m (Ref. 13851) Reed, W., J. Burchard., A.J. Hopson, J. Jenness and I. Yaro 1967 Fish and fisheries of Northern Nigeria. Ministry of Agriculture Northern Nigeria, Nigeria. 226 p. (Ref. 13851)