FB-2420 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Gasterosteoidei Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 Stikling Trepigget stingsild Sehkhareh Ciernik Esganagata Esgana-gata Espinhela Peixe-espinho Gjëmbaçi Peshk koçkuni Kedrinka Koljueka triostna Koljuška tríostná Koljuška tříostná Crothell dri phigyn Trepigget hundestejle Dreistacheliger Stichling Dreistachliger Stichling Großer Stichling Rotzbarsch Seestichling Stachel de butz Stachelbauch Stachele Stachelfisch Stechbüttel Stecherling Stechert Steckbedel Steckbüdel Steckelbars Steckelstange Steckker Steckling Stichling Banstickle Barnstickle Barnystickle Barnytickle Branchy Branstickle Burnstickle Common stickleback Cushy Doctor Eastern stickleback European stickleback Jacksharp New York stickleback Pinfish Prickley Prickly Prickly back Santa Ana stickleback Saw-finned stickleback Sparnicle Sparny Sparnytickle Spanicle Spannistickle Spanny Spannytickle Spantickle Spawn Spawnykettle Spawnytickle Stickleback Thorny back Thornback Threespine stickleback Threespined stickleback Three-spined stickleback Tiddler Twospine stickleback Unarmored threespine stickleback Harilik ogalik ogalik Paljasogalik Beinmurtur Eldmurtur Eyrriðasild Horngeil Horngeir Hvasssíl Kombikk Kolmipiikki Arselet Cordonnier Crève-valet Épinart Épinglet Épinoche Epinoche à trois épines Épinoche à trois épines Estancelin Estranglo cat Spinaubé Spinavaou Stichling Koljuška Tükes pikós Hornsíli Kakelashuk Kakilaychok Kakilisak Kakilishek Kakilusuk Kakkilasak Katilautik Spinarello Hariyo Itoyo イトヨ 큰가시고기 trīsadatu stagars trispyglė dyglė Trekhiglaja koliushka Trekhiglaya kolyushka Колюшка трехиглая трехиглая колюшка Bodonja Pichlavka Pichlavka siná Nakenspigg Storspigg Dikence baligi Dikence balığı Trigolkova koluchka Espinocho Espinosillo Espinoso Agathero Cukilrua'ak Driedoornige stekelbaars Espinós Ghidrin kakalisauraq Snathaid mhara Stekelbaars Zet Αγκαθερό Σκυλόψαρο Σταυρίδι سه خاره 三刺魚 三刺鱼 威氏三刺魚 威氏三刺鱼 桑塔三刺魚 桑塔三刺鱼 阿拉斯加刺魚 阿拉斯加刺鱼 Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pallas, 1814 Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 Gasterosteus aculeatus algeriensis Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus aculeatus gymnurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus aculeatus leiurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus aculeatus messinicus Stephanidis, 1971 Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus (non Girard, 1854) Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Regan, 1909 Gasterosteus aculeatus trachurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Girard, 1854 Gasterosteus algeriensis Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus argentatissimus Blanchard, 1866 Gasterosteus argyropomus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus atkinsi Bean, 1879 Gasterosteus atkinsii Bean, 1879 Gasterosteus bailloni Blanchard, 1866 Gasterosteus biaculeatus Mitchill, 1815 Gasterosteus biarmatus Krynicki, 1840 Gasterosteus bispinosus Walbaum, 1792 Gasterosteus brachycentrus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas, 1814) Gasterosteus cuvieri Girard, 1850 Gasterosteus Dekayi Ayres, 1855 Gasterosteus dimidiatus Reinhardt, 1837 Gasterosteus elegans Blanchard, 1866 Gasterosteus gymnurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus hologymnus Regan, 1909 Gasterosteus inopinatus Girard, 1854 Gasterosteus insculptus Richardson, 1855 Gasterosteus intermedius Girard, 1856 Gasterosteus islandicus (non Sauvage, 1874) Gasterosteus leiurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus loricatus Reinhardt, 1837 Gasterosteus microcephalus (non Girard, 1854) Gasterosteus nemausensis Crespon, 1844 Gasterosteus neoboracensis DeKay, 1842 Gasterosteus neustrianus Blanchard, 1866 Gasterosteus niger Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus noveboracensis Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus obolarius Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus plebeius Girard, 1854 Gasterosteus ponticus Nordmann, 1840 Gasterosteus pugetti Girard, 1856 Gasterosteus quadrispinosa Crespon, 1844 Gasterosteus quadrispinosus Crespon, 1844 Gasterosteus santaeannae Regan, 1909 Gasterosteus semiarmatus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus semiloricatus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus serratus Ayres, 1855 Gasterosteus spinulosus Yarrell, 1835 Gasterosteus suppositus Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus teraculeatus Lacepède, 1801 Gasterosteus tetracanthus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus texanus Sauvage, 1874 Gasterosteus trachurus Cuvier, 1829 Gasterosteus williamsoni Girard, 1854 Gastrosteus hologymnus Regan, 1909 Leiurus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1991-03-05 2013-09-19 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. 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World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Corush, J.B.0 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-GeneralDescr-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Adults occur in fresh waters, estuaries and coastal seas (Ref. 4119). Anadromous, with numerous non-anadromous populations in brackish or pure freshwater, rarely in marine waters. In the sea, confined to coastal waters. In freshwater, adults prefer to live in small stream but may occur in a variety of habitats including lakes and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Inhabit shallow vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). Form schools. Young associated with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Juveniles move to the sea (anadromous populations) or to deeper, larger water bodies (freshwater populations) in July-August, forming large feeding schools (Ref. 59043). Feed on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Maximum length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Occasionally taken commercially in Scandinavia and processed into fishmeal and oil (Ref. 28219, 28964). Commonly used as a laboratory animal (Ref. 1998). A large bibliography is available at www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/1345/stickbibl.html. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2017-10-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Distinguished uniquely from its congeners in Europe by having trunk and caudal peduncle covered by a complete series of 29-35 bony scutes. Other characters important to separate this species from other species of the genus include posterior edge of scutes crenulated and scutes forming a lateral keel on caudal peduncle. Scutes may be missing on posterior part of trunk in hybrid zone with Gasterosteus gymnurus and in some isolated freshwater populations of northeastern Europe (Ref. 59043). Identified by the 3 to 4 sharp, free spines before the dorsal fin, the pelvic fin reduced to a sharp spine and a small ray, and the series of plates along the sides of the body (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers long and slender, 17 to 25 on the first arch or strictly freshwater forms, 1 or 2 more in anadromous forms; lateral line with microscopic pores (Ref. 27547). The anadromous form is fully plated, with up to 37 plates on the sides and a rather pronounced keel on each side of the caudal peduncle (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from each other and from the soft-rayed fins, each spine having a reduced membrane attached to its posterior side; anal spine free from rest of the fin; posterior margin of pectorals nearly truncate; caudal truncate to slightly indented (Ref. 27547). Freshwater forms usually mottled brown or greenish; anadromous forms silvery green to bluish black (Ref. 27547). A few isolated populations are black (Ref. 27547). Sides usually pale; belly yellow, white or silvery (Ref. 27547). Fins pale; pectoral rays often have dark dots (Ref. 27547). Breeding males (except for black forms) become brilliant bluish or green with blue or green eyes, and the forward part of the body, especially the breast region, turns bright red or orange (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196). Banister, K. 1986 Gasterosteidae. p. 640-643. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. volume 2. UNESCO, Paris. (Ref. 4119) FB-Morphology-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2017-10-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 2 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 14; Analspines: 1; Analsoft rays: 7 - 11; Vertebrae: 29 - 34 Banister, K. 1986 Gasterosteidae. p. 640-643. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. volume 2. UNESCO, Paris. (Ref. 4119) FB-Distribution-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Circumarctic and temperate regions: Extending south to the Black Sea, southern Italy, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa; in Eastern Asia north of Japan (35°N), in North America north of 30-32°N; Greenland. Monod, T. 1979 Gasterosteidae. p. 280-286. In J. C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 12841) FB-Uses-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: unknown; price reliability: Morrow, J.E. 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. (Ref. 27547) Riehl, R. and H.A. Baensch 1991 Aquarien Atlas. Band. 1. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde, Germany. 992 p. (Ref. 1672) FB-Migration-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-LifeCycle-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2420&StockCode=2615 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Spawning behavior is similar for both freshwater and anadromous forms (Ref. 28966). Just before breeding, males become very territorial. The male builds a nest of plant-material glued together with spiggin, a protein produced in the kidney (Ref. 52349). Once a nest is built, the male entices the female into the nest by performing a courtship dance which is a series of zigzag movements (Ref. 1998). A receptive female follows the male who points the opening of the nest by posing above it with his head down. The female enters the nest, deposits up to a few hundred eggs, and is driven out by the male after eggs have been deposited. The male then enters the nest to fertilize the eggs. The male can choose to court another female to enter the nest and lay eggs before entering himself to fertilise the deposited eggs. Females may lay eggs in several nests over a period of several days or may be courted by the same male (Ref. 27547). The male guards and ventilates the eggs and young (Ref. 1998). During spawning season, males develop a bright orange to red belly and blue-green flank and eyes. Eggs hatch in 7-8 days. Anadromous forms usually die of exhaustion after spawning cycle. Freshwater individuals are able to complete several cycles within one year or sometimes over several years (Ref. 59043). Balon, E.K. 1990 Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48. FB-TrophicStrategy-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2007-08-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ aculeatus Shoaling species outside the breeding season, especially when young. Inhabits vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). In the sea, confined to coastal waters. Forms schools. Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Anadromous and nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Preyed upon by American mergansers. Banister, K. 1986 Gasterosteidae. p. 640-643. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. volume 2. UNESCO, Paris. (Ref. 4119) FB-Size-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle 11.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 35388)); max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 72489) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Reimchen, T.E. 1992 Extended longevity in a large-bodied stickleback, <i>Gasterosteus</i>, population. Canadian Field Naturalist 106:129-131. (Ref. 72489) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-05 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2420 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats benthopelagic; anadromous (Ref. 138280); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 100 m (Ref. 50550) Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev 2003 Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p. (Ref. 50550)