FB-25 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=25 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Gadiformes Gadidae Gadiculus Gadiculus thori Schmidt, 1913 Sild Sledz Sledź Śledź Sledz atlantycki Śledź atlantycki śledź bałtycki Sledz oceaniczny Arenque Slaneček obecný Sleď atlantický Sleď obecný Pennog Atlantisk sild Østersøsild Sild Strømming Allec Hering Ostseehering Silling Strömling Atlantic herring Baltic herring Bank herring Fall herring Hern Herning Herring Herron Labrador herring Mesh herring Murman herring Norwegian herring Sardine Sea Atlantic herring Sea herring Sea stick Shore herring Split Spring herring Summer herring Yawling Atlandi heeringas Harilik heeringas läänemere heeringas räim Sild Silakka Silli Hareng Hareng atlantique Hareng de la Baltique Hareng de l'Atlantique הרינג /מליח Sild Síld Kapisilik Kavisilak reņģe strimélé Atlanticheskaya seld Atlanticheskaya sel'd Baltiyskaya sel'd' Murmanskaya sel'd Norvezhskaya sel'd Salaka Sel'd Sel'd' obyknovennaya атлантическая сельдь залом полярный салака Сельдь атлантическая сельдь атлантическо-скандинавская сельдь балтийская сельдь многопозвонковая Filling Full Haizy Halflin Nun Peeo Shaldoo Wine drinker Yaulin Sill Strömling Strömming Оселедець атлантичний Салака Arenque Arenque del Atlántico Ammassassuaa An scadán Atlantski sled Haring Kapisilik Sgadan Sylecke Toter 大西洋鯡 大西洋鲱 Clupea alba Yarrell, 1829 Clupea atlanticus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea borealis Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea britannicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea caledonicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea cimbricus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea elongata Lesueur, 1818 Clupea frisius Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea halec Mitchill, 1814 Clupea harengula Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea harengus atlanticus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus borealis Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus britannicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus caledonicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus cimbricus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus frisius Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea harengus harengus murmanica Tikhonov, 1941 Clupea harengus islandicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus ivernicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus membras Linnaeus, 1760 Clupea harengus membras Wulf, 1765 Clupea harengus norvegicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus scandicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus schelderensis Nilsson, 1832 Clupea harengus scoticus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea harengus septemtrionalis Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea islandicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea ivernicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea leachii Yarrell, 1832 Clupea membras Wulf, 1765 Clupea minima Storer, 1839 Clupea norvegivus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea palassi probatowi Makushok, 1935 Clupea scandicus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea scoticus Schnakenbeck, 1931 Clupea septemtrionalis Schnakenbeck, 1931 Cyprinus esca Walbaum, 1792 Rogenia alba Valenciennes, 1847 1990-10-17 2024-01-15 Russell, F.S.0 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. 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Murray0 Field guide to the fish of Puget Sound and the Northwest coast. Washington sea grant publication. Seattle (USA): University of Washington Press. x+70 p. (Ref. 112753) ICES0 ICES DATRAS Database. Downloaded in April 2013 from http://datras.ices.dk/Data_products/Download/Download_Data_public.aspx (Ref. 114862) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) WoRMS Editorial Board0 World Register of Marine Species. [2008-onwards] World Wide Web publication. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. (Ref. 116434) Béarez, P., P. Pruvost, É. Feunteun, S. Iglésias, P. Francour, R. Causse, J. De Mazières, S. Tercerie and N. Bailly0 Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium 41(4):351-371. (Ref. 116450) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist0 Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Toronto (ON, Canada): University of Toronto Press. xiii+618 p. (Ref. 117245) Haug, T., K. Tormod Nilssen, L. Lindblom and U. Lindstrom0 Diets of hooded seals (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>) in coastal waters and drift ice waters along the east coast of Greenland. Marine Biology Research 3(3):123-133. (Ref. 118373) Froese, R.0 Personal communication. (Table sent by the author). (Ref. 118592) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Subarea 4 and divisions 3.a and 7.d, autumn spawners (North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat, eastern English Channel). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 118615) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 20-24, spring spawners (Skagerrak, Kattegat, and western Baltic). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 118616) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 25-29 and 32, excluding the Gulf of Riga (central Baltic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 118617) Palomares, M.L.D., R. Froese, B. Derrick, S.-L. Nöel, G. Tsui, J. Woroniak and D. Pauly0 A preliminary global assessment of the status of exploited marine fish and invertebrate populations. A report prepared by the Sea Around Us for OCEANA. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, p. 64. (Ref. 118628) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Bonisławska, M., K. Formicki and A., Winnicki, A. Korzelecka-Orkisz0 Fish egg size variability: biological significance. EJPAU 4(2):1-19. (Ref. 119080) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</I.) in subdivisions 30 and 31 (Gulf of Bothnia). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119204) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Division 5.a, summer-spawning herring (Iceland grounds). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119205) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Division 7.a North of 52°30’N (Irish Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119206) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in divisions 7.a South of 52°30’N, 7.g-h, and 7.j-k (Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, and southwest of Ireland). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119207) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subareas 1, 2, and 5, and in divisions 4.a and 14.a, Norwegian spring-spawning herring (the Northeast Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119208) ICES0 Herring (Clupea harengus) in divisions 6.a and 7.b-c (West of Scotland, West of Ireland). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119209) Mahé, K., E. Bellamy, J.-P. Delpech, C. Lazard, M. Salaun, Y. Vérin, F. Coppin and M. Travers-Trolet0 Evidence of a relationship between weight and total length of marine fish in the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean: physiological, spatial and temporal variations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98(3):627-625. (Ref. 119547) Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither0 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro, K.M. Kleisner and H. Winker0 Estimating fisheries reference points from catch and resilience. Fish and Fisheries 18(3):506-526. (Ref. 120179) Morin, B., C. Hudon and F. Whoriskey0 Seasonal distribution, abundance, and life-history traits of Greenland cod, <i>Gadus ogac</i>, at Wemindji, eastern James Bay. Can. J. Zool. 69:3061-3070. (Ref. 120291) Wienerroither R., Johannesen E., Dolgov A., Byrkjedal I., Aglen A., Bjelland O., Drevetnyak K., Eriksen KB., Høines Å., Langhelle G., Langøy H., Murashko P., Prokhorova T., Prozorkevich D., Smirnov O., Wenneck T.0 Atlas of the Barents Sea Fishes based on the winter survey. IMR-PINRO Joint Report Series 2-2013:220 pp. (Ref. 120407) Kennedy, J., R.D.M. Nash, A. Slotte and O.S. Kjesbu0 The role of fecundity regulation and abortive maturation in the reproductive strategy of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>). Mar. Biol. 158:1287-1299. (Ref. 120501) Mecklenburg, C.W., I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, O.V. Karamushko, A. Lynghammar and P.R. Møller0 List of marine fishes of the Arctic region annotated with common names and zoogeographic characterizations. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. (Ref. 120666) Prokopchuk, I.0 Feeding of the Norwegian spring spawning herring <i>Clupea harengus</i>(Linne) at the different stages of its life cycle. Deep-Sea Research II Topical Studies in Oceanography 56(21):2044-2053. (Ref. 121696) Dolgov, A.V., E. Johannesen, M. Heino and E. Olsen0 Trophic ecology of blue whiting in the Barents Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67: 483-493. (Ref. 121735) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 20-24, spring spawners (Skagerrak, Kattegat, and western Baltic). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122172) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 25-29 and 32, excluding the Gulf of Riga (central Baltic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122173) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus)</i> in subdivisions 30 and 31 (Gulf of Bothnia). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122174) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subareas 1, 2, and 5, and in divisions 4.a and 14.a, Norwegian spring-spawning herring (the Northeast Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122176) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Subarea 4 and divisions 3.a and 7.d, autumn spawners (North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat, eastern English Channel). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122189) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Division 5.a, summer-spawning herring (Iceland grounds). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122190) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in divisions 7.a South of 52°30’N, 7.g-h, and 7.j-k (Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, and southwest of Ireland). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122191) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Division 7.a North of 52°30’N (Irish Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122192) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 20-24, spring spawners (Skagerrak, Kattegat, and western Baltic). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122237) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in subdivisions 25-29 and 32, excluding the Gulf of Riga (central Baltic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122238) ICES0 Herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) in Subdivision 28.1 (Gulf of Riga). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122239) Dommasnes, A., W. Melle, P. Dalpadado and B. Ellertsen0 Herring as a major consumer in the Norwegian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61(5):739-751. (Ref. 122400) Peklova, I., N.E. Hussey, K.J. Hedges, M.A. Treble and A.T. Fisk0 Movement, depth and temperature preferences of an important bycatch species, Arctic skate <i>Amblyraja hyperborea</i>, in Cumberland Sound, Canadian Arctic. Endangered Species Research 23(3):229-240. (Ref. 123584) Lesage, V., S. Lair, S. Turgeon and P. Béland0 Diet of St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) in a changing ecosystem. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 134(1):21-35. (Ref. 123587) Andreasen, H., S.D. Ross, U. Siebert, N.G. Andersen, K. Ronnenberg and A. Gilles0 Diet composition and food consumption rate of harbor porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in the western Baltic Sea. Marine Mammal Science 33(4):1053-1079. (Ref. 123607) Golikov, A.V., F.R. Ceia, R.M. Sabirov, Z.I. Zaripova, M.E. Blicher, D.V. Zakharov and J.C. Xavier0 Ontogenetic changes in stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) values in squuid <i>Gonatus fabricii</i> (Cephalopoda) reveal its important ecological role in the Arctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 606:65-78. (Ref. 123615) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) Chambers, C.A. and T.A. Dick0 Using Environmental Variables to Predict the Structure of Deep-sea Arctic Fish Communities: Implications for Food Web Construction. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 39:1, 2-8 (Ref. 124449) Bañón, R. and T. Maño0 Taxonomic review of Galician marine ichthyology: Class Actinopteri (Order Acipenseriformes to Order Scorpaeniformes). Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) 28:47-75. (Ref. 128367) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación0 III. Otras disposiciones: 9026 - Resolución de 24 de mayo de 2019, de la Secretaría General de Pesca por la que se publica el listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España. [Resolution of May 24, 2019, of the General Secretariat for Fisheries, which publishes the list of commercial denominations of fishing and aquaculture species admitted in Spain]. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE):(143):82 pp. (Ref. 128983) Froese, R. and V.A. Parducho0 Global stocks spreadsheet as of December 9, 2022. Excel file from V.A. Parducho, pers. comm. (Ref. 128993) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) Sólmundsson, J., K.B. Jakobsdóttir and H. Pétursdóttir0 Deepwater sharks at their northern limits-distribution, diet and trophic relations. Mar. Ecol. 46(1):e12854. (Ref. 133040) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-24-10332 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Clhar_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Clhar_u0.gif FB-pic-24-11352 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-25 1996-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Clhar_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Clhar_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 Herring schools move between spawning and wintering grounds in coastal areas and feeding grounds in open water by following migration patterns learned from earlier year classes (Ref. 88171). Juveniles (up to 2 years) shoal close inshore, while adults are found more offshore (Ref. 6683). Adults spend the day in deeper water, but rise to shallower water at night (Ref. 89562). Light is an important factor in controlling their vertical distribution. A facultative zooplanktivorous filter-feeder, i.e., it can switch to filter-feeding if the food density and particle size are appropriate (Ref. 28664). Feed mainly on copepods finding food by visual sense. Herring schools often attract predators such as fish, birds, and marine mammals (Ref. 89563). Schooling, silvery sides, excellent hearing (capable of detecting frequencies between 30-4,000 Hz , Refs. 89391, 89564, 89566), and very fast escape response act as anti-predator devices (Ref. 28664). The most important races in the East Atlantic are the winter-spawning Norwegian and Icelandic herring, the autumn spawning Icelandic and North Sea herring and the Baltic Sea herring. Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned and frozen; can be fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-DiagnosticDescr-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Slender fish with a round belly. Scutes without prominent keel; 12 to 16 post-pelvic scutes (Ref. 188). No median notch in upper jaw; operculum without radiating bony striae; the posterior border of its gill opening is evenly rounded. It is blue to greenish-blue dorsally, becoming silvery ventrally. No distinctive dark spots on the body or fins (Ref. 188). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Morphology-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 21; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 12 - 23; Vertebrae: 51 - 60 Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Distribution-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-05-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution North Atlantic: in the west, it ranges from southwestern Greenland and Labrador southward to South Carolina, USA. In the east, it ranges from Iceland and southern Greenland southward to the northern Bay of Biscay and eastward to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya in Russia, including the Baltic Sea (Ref. 188). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Uses-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Kinzer, J. 1983 Aquarium Kiel: Beschreibungen zur Biologie der ausgestellten Tierarten. Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel. pag. var. (Ref. 12253) FB-Migration-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=24&StockCode=32 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy The herring matures between 2-9 years (Refs. 35388, 82767, 89571). Herring populations are known to use traditional spawning grounds, many of which are along shallow coastal areas (15-40 m depth) or on offshore banks down to 200 m (Refs. 6684, 89572). Spawning usually occurs on gravel or rock bottoms, with the exception of Baltic populations which show a preference for shallow (less than 10 m depth) seaweed beds (Refs. 89520, 89572). Each population spawns only once a year over a relatively short time period (Ref. 89573). At least one population is spawning in any one month of the year, each having a different spawning time and place. The herring is a demersal spawner that releases a ribbon of sticky eggs that sink to the sea bed (Ref. 89574) and adhere to the substrate. The eggs released by a spawning population may be several layers thick which may deprive eggs in the bottom layers of oxygen, causing egg mortality (Ref. 89563). Although higher fecundities were reported earlier (e.g. Ref. 74523), fecundity now ranges from 10,000-60,000 eggs (Ref. 89571). Hatching may take up to 3 weeks, depending on temperature (Ref. 89571). Larvae are pelagic and drift with the current. Note: it is impossible to summarize briefly the wide range of spawning strategies of Atlantic herring; the best reviews are those of Svetovidov (Refs. 4608, 4609) for the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Hildebrand (Ref. 4607) for the Western Atlantic Ocean. Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström 1974 Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173) FB-TrophicStrategy-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2023-06-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public harengus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Visual size-selective plankton feeder (Ref. 89567) Has the ability to switch between particulate- and filter-feeding (Ref. 4809). Adult feed on planktonic crustaceans, mollusc larvae, arrow worms, ctenophores, small fish (incl. eggs and larvae) (Ref. 188). Preyed upon by fish, birds, and marine mammals (Ref. 89563). Parasites found are protozoans, myxosporidians, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and copepods (Refs. 5951, 37032). Herring biomass has shown inverse correlation with the biomass of sprat, a competitor for planktonic food (Refs. 82765; 82766). Benthopelagic and oceanodromous. Schooling species. Moves vertically in the water column, surfacing at dusk and descending at dawn. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -2.2°C. Found on the Scotian shelf at temperatures of 0°C-11°C. Filter feeds at low light with small prey, and feeds on larval fish, planktonic crustaceans, and molluscs at better lighting conditions (Ref. 117245). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Size-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 45.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 37032)); max. published weight: 1,050 g (Ref. 6114); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref. 89560) Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov 1963 Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part three. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. (Ref. 37032) Koli, L. 1990 Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland]. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki. 357 p. (in Finnish). (Ref. 6114) Corten, A. 2002 The role of "conservatism" in herring migrations. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher. 11(4):339-361. FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-24-200 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 2012-03-30 00:00:00 2012-03-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=24&StockCode=32 Anisakis Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Haarder, S. 2012 Fish disease photos. Unpublished, personal communication. (Ref. 89841) FB-Diseases-24-280 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Otto Rechlin 1992-06-28 00:00:00 2013-04-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=24&StockCode=32 Internal Fungal Infection (Ichthyophonus sp.). Fungal diseases Anonymous 1991 Special meeting on the <i>Ichthyophonus</i> problem in the European herring held at the Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden. November 7, 1991. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen. (Ref. 3950) FB-Habitat-24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2013-07-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=24 benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 364 m (Ref. 58426), usually 0 - 200 m (Ref. 6683) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist 2004 Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p. (Ref. 58426) Whitehead, P.J.P. 1984 Clupeidae (incl. Dussumieridae). p. 268-281. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. 510 p. (Ref. 6683)