FB-4 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Clupeiformes Engraulidae Engraulis Engraulis ringens Jenyns, 1842 Tilápia-de-Moçambique Blou kurper Bloukurper Blou-kurper Grootbekkurper Mosambiekkurper Mosambiek-tilapia Mossambiekkurper Rooivinkurper Mozambique-cichlide Mozambique-mundruger Mosambik-Maulbrüter Mossambik-Buntbarsch Natalbarsch Weißkehlbarsch African mouthbrooder African perch Blue bream Blue tilapia Common tilapia Hawaiian perch Hawaiian sunfish Japanese fish Java fish Java tilapia Kurper bream Largemouth kurper Largemouth tilapia Mocambique tilapia Mossambique tilapia Mouth-brooder Mozambique cichlid Mozambique mouthbrooder Mozambique mouth-brooder Mozambique tilapia Redfin tilapia Tilapia Mosambiigi vääristilaapia Malea Maleya tilapia Valkoleukatilapia Tilapia Tilapia du Mozambique Mujair Kawasuzume カワスズメ（テｲラピア） Jilebi Kolathile-meen Thilapia കൊലതിലി മീന് തിലപിയ് തിലാപി തിലോപ്പി Mujair Tilapia Mozambikskaya tilapiya мозамбикская тиляпия Тилапия мозамбикская Mossambique-tilapia Jelebi meen Tilapia ஜிலேபி மீன் திலேப்பி Tilapia Israil çipurası Tatlı su çipurası Tilapya Bende Khala Thipende Tshena Tshikwea Cá Rô Phi đen Mojarra Tilapia de Mozambique Tilapia del Mozambique Tilapia mosambica Tilapia mozámbica Carophee Jahir Lapia Mandapa Mphende Mujair Nkobue Para para Sembaka Tilapia Tilapya Trey tilapia khmao Wu-Kuo yu 南洋鲫仔南非非鯽南非非鲫在来吴郭鱼莫三鼻口孵魚莫三鼻口孵鱼莫桑比克口孵非鯽莫桑比克口孵非鲫莫桑比克帚齒非鯽莫桑比克帚齿非鲫莫桑比克非鯽莫桑比克非鲫 Gam san tsak 非洲仔 Fai chau chak ue Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864 Chromis mossambicus Peters, 1852 Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897 Chromis niloticus (non Linnaeus, 1758) Chromis niloticus var. mossambicus Peters, 1852 Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893 Cromis mossambicus Peters, 1852 Orechromis mossambica (Peters, 1852) Oreochromis mossambica (Peters, 1852) Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009 Oreochromis mozambica (Peters, 1852) Sarotherodon mossambica (Peters, 1852) Sarotherodon mossambicum (Peters, 1852) Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Sarotherodon mossambicus natalensis (Weber, 1897) Sarothredon mossambica (Peters, 1852) Telapia mossambica (Peters, 1852) Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917 Tilapia dumerili (Steindachner, 1864) Tilapia dumerilii (Steindachner, 1864) Tilapia kafuensis (non Boulenger, 1912) Tilapia mosambica (Peters, 1852) Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852) Tilapia mossambica mossambica (Peters, 1852) Tilapia mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Tilapia mozambique (Peters, 1852) Tilapia natalensis (Weber, 1897) Tilapia vorax (Pfeffer, 1893) Tilapia zillii (non Gervais, 1848) 1990-10-17 2024-01-15 Trewavas, E.0 Tilapias: taxonomy and speciation. p. 3-13. 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Immanuel0 Fish fauna of coral reef, mangrove, freshwater, offshore and seagrass beds of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Haddo, Port Blair. (Ref. 87596) Keith, P. and G. Marquet0 Poissons et crustacés d'eau douce de Wallis et Futuna. 120pp. Société Française d'Ichtyologie, Paris, Ed. (Ref. 87775) Baby, F., J. Tharian, S. Philip, A. Ali and R. Raghavan0 Checklist of the fishes of the Achankovil forests, Kerala, India with notes on the range extension of an endemic cyprinid Puntius chalakkudiensis. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(7): 1936-1941. (Ref. 87807) Kara, H.M.0 Freshwater fish diversity in Algeria with emphasis on alien species. Eur J Wildl Res. (Ref. 87900) Nguyen, T.D.P., T.H.T. Nguyen, V.T. Do, T.T. Nguyen and H.D. Nguyen0 Freshwater ecosystem services and biodiversity values of Phu Yen District, Son La, Viet Nam. p. 1-49 [pdf pages 313-363]. In Report on highland aquatic ecosystem services and biodiversity values, including livelihoods, trade, policy and conservation oriented inputs to two global online databases. Highland Aquatic Resources Conservation and Sustainable Development (HighARCS) Project. Deliverable 3.1, Project No. 213015 of the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme. 363 p. Work Package 3 Report. Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Viet Nam. (Ref. 89724) Bacchet, P., T. Zysman and Y. Lefèvre0 Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles. Tahiti (Polynésie Francaise): Éditions Au Vent des Îles. 608 p. (Ref. 89972) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Bui, T.A., N.T.L. Anh, N.Q. Thai and N.H. Son0 Assessment for dometic fisheries in Son La. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Technical report. (Ref. 90167) Monti, D., P. Keith and E. Vigneux0 Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d’eau douce de Guadeloupe. Heritage Natural 69:128 p. (Ref. 91643) Radhakrishnan, K.V., B.M. Kurup, B.R. Murphy and S.-G. Xie0 Status of alien fish species in the Western Ghats (India) as revealed from 2000-2004 surveys and literature analyses. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 28:778-784. (Ref. 92228) Weyl, O.L.F. and T. Hecht0 A succesful population of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in a subtropical lake in Mozambique. Environ. Biol. Fishes 54(1):53-66. (Ref. 94783) Howell, D.H., D.J. Woodford, O.L.F. Weyl and W. Froneman0 Population dynamics of the invasive fish, Gambusia affinis, in irrigation impoundments in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Water SA 39(4):485-490. (Ref. 94816) Ismail, G.B., D.B. Sampson and D.L.G. Noakes0 The status of Lake Lanao endemic cyprinids (Puntius species) and their conservation. Environ. Biol. Fishes 97(4):425-434. (Ref. 95183) Chilika Development Authority0 Fishes of Lake Chilika. Letter from S.K. Mohanty, Fishery consultant. Chilika Development Authority. (March 2014). (Ref. 95460) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) Firmat, C. and P. Alibert0 One more alien freshwater fish species in New Caledonia: the three-spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus (Teleostei: Osphronemidae). Belg. J. Zool 141(2):90-92. (Ref. 96686) Caskey, L.L., R.R. Riedel, B. Costa Pierce, J. Butler and S.H. Hurlbert0 Population dynamics, distribution, and growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in the Salton Sea, California, with notes on bairdiella (</>Bairdiella icistia) and orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus). Hydrobiologia 576:185-203. (Ref. 97316) Eldredge, L.G.0 Non-indigenous freshwater fishes, amphibians, and crustaceans of the Pacific and Hawaiian islands. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional strategy. 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Appl. Ichthyol. 31:413-414. (Ref. 102977) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) Çiçek, E., R. Fricke and S.S. Birecikligil0 Freshwater fishes of Turkey: a revised and updated annotated checklist. Biharean Biologist 9(2):141-157. (Ref. 106151) NSS Vertebrate Study Group0 A Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals of Singapore. National Parks. Singapore Government (Ref. 108093) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Genner, M.J., G.F. Turner and B.P. Ngatunga0 A guide to the tilapia fishes of Tanzania. Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner and Benjamin P. Ngatunga, August 2018. 29 p. (Ref. 118638) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta0 Culture of fish in rice fields. FAO and The WorldFish Center, 83 p. (Ref. 119549) Skelton, P.H.0 Chapter 11. The freshwater fishes of Angola. p. 207-242. In B.J. Huntley, V. Russo, F. Lages and N. Ferrand (eds.) Biodiversity of Angola. Science & conservation: a modern synthesis. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. 549 p. (Ref. 120641) Gregory, R.0 Rice fisheries handbook. Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project, Cambodia, 38 pp. (Ref. 121504) Hasan, M., A. Al Mamun and M. Hossain0 Length-weight relationships of 12 indigenous fishes and 3 shellfishes from mangrove and floodplain ecosystems in Southwestern Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 24(5):69-76. (Ref. 122511) Nip, T.H.M. and C.K. Wong0 Juvenile fish assemblages in mangrove and non-mangrove soft-shore habitats in eastern Hong Kong. Zool. Stud. 49(6):760-778. (Ref. 125515) Prchalová, M., V. Děd and J.W. Neal0 Length-weight relationships of eight reservoir fish species in Puerto Rico. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 36:383-386. (Ref. 126024) Ern, R., D.T.T. Huong, N.V. Cong, M. Bayley and T. Wang0 Effect of salinity on oxygen consumption in fishes: a review. J. Fish Biol. 84(4):1210-1220. (Ref. 126585) Ramani Shirantha, R R.A.0 A field guide to the fishes in freshwaters in Sri Lanka. Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo. XV + 502 pp. (Ref. 127520) Morgan, J.D., T. Sakamoto, E.G. Grau and G.K. Iwama0 Physiological and respiratory responses of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to salinity acclimation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A:117:391-398. (Ref. 127750) Chan, J.C.F., A.H.F. Tsang, S.-M. Yau, T.C.H. Hui, A. Lau, H.H. Tan, B.W. Low, D. Dudgeon and J.H. Liew0 The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bull. Zool. 71:128-168. (Ref. 129032) Esmaeili, H.R. and N. Hamidan0 Inland fishes of the Arabian Peninsula: Review and a revised checklist. Zootaxa 5330(2):201-226. (Ref. 129076) Amarasinghe, U.S.0 Growth-overfishing: a potential danger in Sri Lankan reservoir fishery. In:Reservoir fishery management and development in Asia (ed. De Silva, S.S.), pp. 105-112. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. (Ref. 131576) Amarasinghe, U.S., R.P.P.K. Jayasinghe and J. Moreau0 Length-based stock assessment of Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Cichlidae) in multi-mesh gillnet fisheries in reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Acta Ichthyologica et Pischatoria 47:265-277. (Ref. 131578) De Oliveira, J.C. and H.L. De Queiroz0 Life history traits of two dwarf cichlids species in the white waters of the Amazonian floodplain. Environmental Biology of Fishes 100:1497-1505. (Ref. 131582) Amarasinghe, U.S. and D., Pauly0 The relationship between size at maturity and maximum size in cichlid populations corroborates the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT). Asian Fish. Sci., 34(1):14-22. (Ref. 131594) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-3-10321 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormos_f0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormos_f0.gif FB-pic-3-10378 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormos_m0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormos_m0.gif FB-pic-3-10418 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormos_e0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormos_e0.gif FB-pic-3-10421 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormos_l0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormos_l0.gif FB-pic-3-24175 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1999-09-13 2001-04-26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Ormos_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Ormos_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Adults thrive in standing waters (Ref. 7248, 12501). Inhabits reservoirs, rivers, creeks, drains, swamps and tidal creeks; commonly over mud bottoms, often in well-vegetated areas (Ref. 44894). Also found in warm weedy pools of sluggish streams, canals, and ponds (Ref. 5723). Most common in blind estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 32693), but usually absent from permanently open estuaries and open sea (Ref. 6465) and from fast-flowing waters (Ref. 7248, 12501). Normally not found at high altitudes (Ref. 6465). Able to survive extreme reduction of temporary water bodies (Ref. 2, 27445). Highly euryhaline (Ref. 2, 3, 23, 58, 61, 6465, 12501, 12522, 12524, 13337, 27445, 55352). Grows and reproduces in fresh-, brackish and seawater (Ref. 2, 21, 23, 61, 5214, 27445, 36683, 54362). Can be reared under hyper-saline conditions (Ref. 4537, 44894, 52307). Tolerates low dissolved oxygen levels (Ref. 3, 23, 6465) and can utilise atmospheric oxygen when water oxygen levels drop (Ref. 61, 6465). Mainly diurnal. May form schools (Ref. 3, 4537, 44894). Omnivorous (Ref. 21, 12524), feeds mainly on algae and phytoplankton (Ref. 4537, 7248, 12501, 12522, 12524, 13337, 36683, 44894, 52307) but also takes some zooplankton, small insects and their larvae (Ref. 4537, 7248, 12524, 13337, 44894, 52307), shrimps (Ref. 12524, 13337), earthworms (Ref. 12501) and aquatic macrophytes (Ref. 6465). Juveniles carnivorous/omnivorous, adults tend to be herbivorous or detritus feeders (Ref. 2, 6465, 13517). Large individuals have been reported to prey on small fishes (Ref. 2, 6465, 12501, 12522), and occasionally cannibalise their own young (Ref. 2, 6465). Exhibits considerable plasticity in feeding habits (Ref. 6465, 13544) as well as in reproductive biology (Ref. 13544). Polygamous (Ref. 12524, 13337), maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 1, 5214, 12524, 13337). Reaches sexual maturity at 15 centimeter length (Ref. 44894), but stunted fish may breed at 6-7 centimeters and at an age of just over 2 months (Ref. 52307). Fecundity high (Ref. 55352). Extended temperature range 8-42 °C, natural temperature range 17-35°C (Ref. 3), with salinity-dependent difference in temperature tolerance (Ref. 2, 23). Somewhat aggressive toward other species (Ref. 36683). Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987). Excellent palatability (Ref. 6465), with small head and large dress-out weight (Ref. 61), and filets without small bones (Ref. 57960). Used extensively in biological, physiological and behavioural research (Ref. 7248). Translocated and introduced for aquaculture, sport fishing, stocking man-made lakes and biological control of nuisance plants and animals (Ref. 6465). Eurytopic; a most successful and vagile invader (Ref. 6465). Trewavas, E. 1982 Tilapias: taxonomy and speciation. p. 3-13. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 1) FB-DiagnosticDescr-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 21:59:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Diagnosis: snout long; forehead with relatively large scales, starting with 2 scales between the eyes followed by 9 scales up to the dorsal fin (Ref. 3058, 3060). Adult males develop a pointed, duckbill-like snout (Ref. 52307) due to enlarged jaws, often causing the upper profile to become concave (Ref. 2, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52307), but upper profile convex in smaller specimens (Ref. 1870, 6460). Pharyngeal teeth very fine, the dentigerous area with narrow lobes, the blade in adults longer than dentigerous area; 28-31 vertebrae; 3 anal spines; 14-20 lower gill-rakers; genital papilla of males simple or with a shallow distal notch; caudal fin not densely scaled; female and non-breeding male silvery with 2-5 mid-lateral blotches and some of a more dorsal series; breeding male black with white lower parts of head and red margins to dorsal and caudal fins (Ref. 2). Description: moderately deep-bodied (Ref. 7248, 52307), but very variable according to food availability (Ref. 5214). Head profile straight in juveniles and females (Ref. 7248). Mouth large (Ref. 1870, 2989, 53262, 52307, 54167). Lower jaw prominent; lips thick (Ref. 3058, 3060). Maxillary ending between nostril and eye in females and immature males (Ref. 2), in breeding males (Ref. 2) mouth reaching to below anterior border of eye (Ref. 1870, 2989, 53262, 54167, 54759) or a little beyond (Ref. 1870, 2989, 53262, 54167). Eye with yellow ring around pupil (Ref. 57960). Otoliths: sulcus with nearly straight crista inferior at the transition between ostium and cauda (thus no ventralward widening of the ostium is present) (Ref. 56279). 2-3 series of scales on cheek (Ref. 2, 552, 1870, 2989, 3058, 3060, 6460, 53262, 54167). Scales cycloid (Ref. 1870, 2989, 3058, 4904, 5728, 53262, 54167). Scales on belly small, breast scales even smaller (Ref. 3058). Large scales on opercle (Ref. 1870, 53262), in 3 rows (Ref. 54759). 17-23 scales in upper part of lateral line, 10-17 in lower part (Ref. 1870, 2989, 3058, 54167). 9-12 predorsal scales (Ref. 57928). 15 precaudal vertebrae; 15-16 caudal vertebrae; 12-13 pairs of pleural ribs; 2 pairs of epineurals; 6 pairs of epipleurals; ventral vertebral apothysis on third vertebra (Ref. 57928). Gill-rakers short (Ref. 1870, 2989, 5214, 6465, 12524, 13337, 54167) and thick (Ref. 54167). Dorsal fin spines subequal from the sixth; dorsal soft rays a little longer than longest spines (Ref. 54167). Last dorsal spine the longest (Ref. 1870, 54167). Soft part of dorsal and anal fin long and pointed (Ref. 1870, 3058, 3060, 4904, 53262), especially in males (Ref. 44586). Dorsal fin with 25-28 pterygiophores (Ref. 57928). Pectoral fin (nearly) as long as head (Ref. 1870, 2989, 53262, 54167), pointed (Ref. 1870, 6460, 53262, 54759), reaching to vent (Ref. 6460, 54167) or to a little beyond origin of anal fin (Ref. 1870, 2989, 53262, 54167, 54759). 4-6 scales between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins (Ref. 2). Anal fin with 11-12 pterygiophores (Ref. 57928). Outer rays of pelvic fins slightly produced, reaching to vent (Ref. 1870, 54167) or beyond origin of anal (Ref. 1870, 2989). Caudal fin scaly in the basal half (Ref. 1870, 6460, 53262), the angles sometimes rounded (Ref. 2, 54167). Central caudal fin skeleton with 3 epurals, 5 hypurals and 2 pairs of uroneurals (Ref. 57928). No genital tassel (Ref. 55077). Coloration: basic melanin pattern of 2 horizontal and 6-7 vertical bars never fully realized; more commonly, at least in preserved specimens, females and sexually inactive males have no bands, but may have the intersection points of the facultative bands represented by 3-4 upper and 2-5 mid-lateral blotches, or some or all of these may be present (Ref. 2). Basic body coloration silvery grey (Ref. 2, 52307) to greenish grey, sometimes a more bluish colored head (Ref. 52307). Belly greyish (Ref. 4904, 5214, 54167). Spiny part of dorsal fin light with dark mottling (Ref. 3058). Soft dorsal and anal, and caudal and pelvic fins blackish (Ref. 2989, 3058, 3060, 54167). Pectoral fins colorless (Ref. 3058, 3060). Indistinct, dark opercular spot present (Ref. 1870, 2989, 3058, 3060, 53262, 54167, 54759). Vertical fins uniform (Ref. 54167), blackish with more or less distinct whitish spots(Ref. 552) or with large or small, fused or non-fused, dark spots on a pale background (Ref. 6460, 54167), given a darker aspect to these fins (Ref. 6460). 3 black blotches present in juveniles but possibly obscured in adults due to the dark body coloration of breeding males or old adults (Ref. 12524, 13337). Female and non-breeding male: dirty yellowish-olive (Ref. 12522) or silvery-gray, with 2-5 mid-lateral blotches and some of a more dorsal series (Ref. 2, 52307). Sometimes a series of more or less distinct spots along the side of the body above and below the upper lateral line (Ref. 54167). Breeding male: uniform dark olive-brown (Ref. 4904, 54167), deep blue-black (Ref. 2) or black, with white lower parts of head (Ref. 2, 4904, 7248, 54167), including throat, lower lips, lower parts of cheeks and opercles, but with a dark blue to black base to the throat (Ref. 12501, 52307), and red margins to dorsal and caudal fins (Ref. 2, 7248, 12522, 12501, 12524, 13337, 52307). Dorsal fin with light coloured spots on membrane between spinous and soft rays (Ref. 12524, 13337). Caudal fin olive-green with light coloured spots on anterior section (Ref. 12524, 13337), but may sometimes appear totally red (Ref. 52307). Tip of dorsal and extremity of caudal lobes yellowish (Ref. 4904, 54167). Anal fin dark gray (Ref. 52307) or olive-green (Ref. 12524, 13337), sometimes with a thin red/orange margin (Ref. 12501, 12522, 12524, 13337, 52307). Unpaired fins normally exhibit greenish to silvery iridescent dots (Ref. 52307). Pectoral fin rays red (Ref. 2). Pectoral and pelvic fins olive-yellow (Ref. 12524). Juveniles: body silvery (Ref. 2, 5214, 6465, 7248, 12524, 13337, 55020, 57960) or olive-brown, light on belly (Ref. 54167). Scales with dark outer edge (Ref. 54167). Usually 5-8 or more indistinct dark cross bars on body (Ref. 2, 6460, 7248, 39866, 54167, 55020), often in addition to the 2 series of blackish spots (Ref. 54167), but with no horizontal stripes (Ref. 2). Dark opercular spot (Ref. 6460, 54167), on posterior dorsal edge of operculum (Ref. 55020). Black spot at base of anterior rays of soft dorsal (Ref. 552, 54167) and 1-2 whitish spots enclosed by dark streaks (Ref. 54167). Oblique streaks (Ref. 6460) or translucent round spots (Ref. 55020) on soft dorsal. Anal dark at base with a light outer half (Ref. 54167), with oblique streaks (Ref. 6460). Caudal dark at base, light in centre, a black outer ridge (Ref. 54167), with 2-3 bars across the fin (Ref. 6460). Tilapia-spot present (Ref. 2, 5214, 6465, 12501), conspicuous in younger fish persisting albeit faintly to 8cm (Ref. 55020). Fins flesh coloured (Ref. 12524, 13337), all except soft dorsal immaculate (Ref. 55020). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2017-12-13 21:59:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 15 - 18; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 7 - 12; Vertebrae: 28 - 31 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Africa: Lower Zambezi, Lower Shiré and coastal plains from Zambezi delta to Algoa Bay. Occurs southwards to the Brak River in the eastern Cape and in the Transvaal in the Limpopo system (Ref. 6465). Widely introduced for aquaculture, but escaped and established itself in the wild in many countries, often outcompeting local species (Ref. 12217). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Trewavas, E. 1982 Tilapias: taxonomy and speciation. p. 3-13. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 1) FB-Uses-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) Man, S.H. and I.J. Hodgkiss 1981 Hong Kong freshwater fishes. Urban Council, Wishing Printing Company, Hong Kong, 75 p. (Ref. 5258) Mills, D. and G. Vevers 1989 The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey. 208 p. (Ref. 7020) FB-Migration-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Spawns at the edge of the littoral terrace of lakes (Ref. 1, 2, 87, 6465), in sandy or muddy bottoms (Ref. 57425). Displays a lek mating system; territorial males establish breeding territories where they dig spawning pits, assume a dark coloration, defend a breeding territory and actively court females; sneaking males intrude into nests during a spawning episode, exhibiting quivering behavior which is usually an indicator of sperm release; sneaking is predominantly performed by subordinate males, which may adopt pseudo-female behavior (Ref. 57425). Only territorial males produce sounds, during all phases of courtship but especially during the late stages, including spawning (Ref. 49830). Territorial male excavates and defends a basin-shaped pit in the center of his territory, where female deposits 100-1700(1800) eggs (Ref. 44894, 52307). Eggs and milt are sucked up by the female (Ref. 2, 44894). Fertilization is reported to sometimes occur in the mouth of the female (Ref. 6028). Females incubate eggs alone (Ref. 12501, 52307). It is possible, albeit rare, that males take up some eggs after spawning (Ref. 2, 5726, 52307, 57895), but they almost always eat them soon after (Ref. 52307). Females school together while mouthbrooding (Ref. 40035), they cease to feed and subsist on food reserves stored in their body (Ref. 1). Females may spawn a full clutch with just one male, or may spawn with several different males in a series (Ref. 52307). Water is circulated over the eggs by chewing movements of the jaws (Ref. 12501, 12522). Fry hatch in the female's mouth after 3-5 days (Ref. 2, 12501, 12522, 44894, 52307), depending on the temperature (Ref. 52307). The young are released from the mouth in 10-14 days, but remain near the female and enter the mouth if threatened until about 3 weeks old (Ref. 2, 44894, 52307). Fry and juveniles shoal in shallow water (Ref. 6465, 7248, 57895) where they feed during the day, and retreat to deep water at night (Ref. 87, 6465). Females raise multiple broods during a season (Ref. 7248, 57895). Balon, E.K. 1990 Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48. (Ref. 7471) FB-TrophicStrategy-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2015-09-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ mossambicus Inhabits lower Zambezi, Limpopo and eastern rivers southwards. Prefers sheltered banks provided with vegetation. The adult tilapia mainly occupy deeper terraces which surround the lake at high-water levels. Feeds on detritus, plankton, and algae (Ref. 11889). Small fish fed initially on zoobenthos and zooplankton, but fish with a mass of over 4 g fed increasingly on Microcystis aeruginosa and detritus (Ref. 43783). Increased in rainfall improved the quality of diet, as level of protein, energy and organic matter in the diet increased in quantity (Ref. 52847). Utilized in rice fish culture (Ref. 26236). Philippart, J.-C. and J.-C. Ruwet 1982 Ecology and distribution of tilapias. p. 15-60. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 3) FB-Size-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy 39.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 21)); max. published weight: 1,130 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 11 years (Ref. 164) Wohlfarth, G.W. and G. Hulata 1983 Applied genetics of tilapias. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 6 (2nd edition), 26 p. (Ref. 21) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Noakes, D.G.L. and E.K. Balon 1982 Life histories of tilapias: an evolutionary perspective. p. 61-82. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 164) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-3-1243 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-28 00:00:00 2004-04-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Ambiphyra Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Kuperman, B.I., V.E. Matey and S.H. Hurlbert 2001 Parasites of fish from the Salton sea, California, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 466:195-208. (Ref. 45428) FB-Diseases-3-544 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-28 00:00:00 2004-04-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Amyloodinium Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Kuperman, B.I., V.E. Matey and S.H. Hurlbert 2001 Parasites of fish from the Salton sea, California, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 466:195-208. (Ref. 45428) FB-Diseases-3-558 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-02-01 00:00:00 2005-02-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Cichlidogyrus Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Thurston, J.P. 1970 The incidence of Monogenea and parasitic Crustacea on the gills of fish in Uganda. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 82(1-2):111-130. (Ref. 52490) FB-Diseases-3-551 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Cichlidogyrus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-1265 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-24 00:00:00 2004-05-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Contracaecum Disease (larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-3-359 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-28 00:00:00 2004-04-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Cryptobia Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Kuperman, B.I., V.E. Matey and S.H. Hurlbert 2001 Parasites of fish from the Salton sea, California, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 466:195-208. (Ref. 45428) FB-Diseases-3-32 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-23 00:00:00 2002-07-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dactylogyrus Gill Flukes Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-1281 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-06-21 00:00:00 2004-06-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Diplostomum Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-3-1366 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-26 00:00:00 2005-07-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dolops Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-3-9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-10 00:00:00 2004-03-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Edwardsiellosis. Bacterial diseases Plumb, J.A. 1999 Edwardsiella Septicaemias. p.479-521. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48850) FB-Diseases-3-57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-02-26 00:00:00 2004-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) FB-Diseases-3-747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-07-08 00:00:00 2005-07-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Euclinostomum Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-3-363 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-08-07 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat False Fungal Infection (Epistylis sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2003-01-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Fish louse Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) FB-Diseases-3-554 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2005-09-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Fish Louse Infestation 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-1336 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-05-20 00:00:00 2005-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Fish Tuberculosis 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-3-1267 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-08-11 00:00:00 2004-08-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Gnathostoma Disease (larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-3-1266 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-24 00:00:00 2004-05-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Gnathostoma Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-3-1263 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-08-04 00:00:00 2004-08-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Goezia Disease 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-3-669 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-12-20 00:00:00 2002-12-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 HTRLO Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program 1996 Tilapia. CTSA Publ. 123:2 p. (Ref. 44980) FB-Diseases-3-409 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-28 00:00:00 2004-05-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Ichthyobodo Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Roberts, R.J. and C. Sommerville 1982 Diseases of tilapias. p. 247-263. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 82) FB-Diseases-3-553 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2004-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Ichthyophthirius Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-09-05 00:00:00 2005-09-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Lernaea Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Lopez, N.C. 2001 Parasitic crustaceans in fishes from some Philippine lakes. p.75-79. In C.B. Santiago, M.L. Cuvin-Aralar and Z.U. Basiao (eds) Conservation and ecological management of Philippine lakes in relation to fisheries and aquaculture. SEAFDEC, Aquacult. Dept., Iloilo,Phil., PCAMRD, Los Baños, Lag., & BFAR Q.C. Phil.,187p. (Ref. 45120) FB-Diseases-3-550 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2006-01-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Orientocreadium Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-1604 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-11-04 00:00:00 2005-11-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Pentastoma Infection 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Junker, K. 1998 Pentastomid infections in cichlid fishes in the Kruger National Park and the description of the infective larva of Subtriquetra rileyi n. sp. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 65:159-167. (Ref. 55507) FB-Diseases-3-1264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-21 00:00:00 2004-05-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Rhabdochona Infestation 6. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Moravec, F. 1998 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the neotropical region. 464 p. Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. (Ref. 51153) FB-Diseases-3-1261 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-18 00:00:00 2004-05-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Saccocoelioides Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Martinez, V.M.V., M.L.A. Macedo, T. Scholz, D.G. Solis and E.F.M. Franco 2002 Atlas de los helmintos parásitos de cíclidos de México. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Publicaciones Tresguerras 27, 06040, México, D.F. (Ref. 51032) FB-Diseases-3-1272 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-05-31 00:00:00 2004-05-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Spinning Tilapia Syndrome. Viral diseases Owens, E.A. 1997 Epizootic mostalities in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. DAO 29(1):1-6. (Ref. 51154) FB-Diseases-3-376 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-22 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Transversotrema Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-416 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Trichodina Infestation 5. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-404 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Trichodina Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-386 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-23 00:00:00 2002-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 Trichodinella Infection 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-58 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-07-22 00:00:00 2004-05-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Trichodinosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Diseases-3-402 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-06-01 00:00:00 2005-06-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Turbidity of the Skin (Freshwater fish). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Paperna, I. 1996 Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 45600) FB-Diseases-3-1155 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2006-02-28 00:00:00 2006-02-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Velvet Disease 2 (Piscinoodinium sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Ramesh, K.S., C.V. Mohan, K.M. Shankar and I. Ahmed 2000 Piscinoodinium sp. infection in juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mahseer (Tor khudree) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). J. Aquacult. Trop. 15(3):281-288. (Ref. 56207) FB-Diseases-3-14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2004-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=3&StockCode=3 White spot Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Roberts, R.J. and C. Sommerville 1982 Diseases of tilapias. p. 247-263. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 82) FB-Habitat-3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2017-12-13 22:02:35 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish; depth range 1 - 12 m (Ref. 57895) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Bruton, M.N. and R.E. Boltt 1975 Aspects of the biology of Tilapia mossambica Peters (Pisces: Cichlidae) in a natural freshwater lake (Lake Sibaya, South Africa). J. Fish Biol. 7(4):423-445. (Ref. 57895)