FB-526 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=526 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Dicologlossa Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881) Tunge Sola zwyczajna Linguado legitimo Linguado Linguado-legítimo Gjuhez kanali Gjuhëza e detit Gjuhëza e kanalit Gjuhëza e zakonshme Mousa Palaya Pilova Sola Sole Soul shaea Lingua Lleden chwithig Almindelig tunge Søtunge Tunge Seezunge Zunge Black sole Common sole Dover sole Parkgate sole River sole Sea partridge Slip Sole Southport sole Tounge True sole Harilik merikeel Tavaline merikeel Leistur Kielikampela Meriantura Sole Sole commune Liehbage chiari Sandal matzui List Plac Platuša Svoja Tabinjaš Sóikoli Sölflúra Lengua Linguata Linguatolla Palai Palaia Palaria Paraiozza Pilaja Seva Sfgogio zentil Sfogia Sfogio Sfoja Sfuee Soggia Sogliola Sogliola comune Túppiti Túppiti veraci Ingwata tar-rig Ingwata tar-ring Lingwata Lingwata komuni Lingwata tar-rig Morskoi yazyk List Äkta tunga Sjötunga Tunga Dil Dil balığı Доверсоль Солія звичайна Язик морський Язик морський звичайний Lenguado Lenguado común Lenguao An sól dubh Glosa Glóssa Llenguado Morski list Tong Γλώσσα 欧洲鳎 歐洲鰨 鰨 鳎 Pleuronectes solea Linnaeus, 1758 Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 Solea vulgaris vulgaris Quensel, 1806 1990-10-17 2020-08-20 Russell, F.S.0 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. 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ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119256) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Subarea 4 (North Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119257) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Division 7.e (western English Channel). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119258) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 7.h-k (Celtic Sea South, southwest of Ireland). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119259) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 7.f and 7.g (Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119260) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 8.a-b (northern and central Bay of Biscay). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119261) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Division 7.a (Irish Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 119262) Mahé, K., E. Bellamy, J.-P. Delpech, C. Lazard, M. Salaun, Y. Vérin, F. Coppin and M. Travers-Trolet0 Evidence of a relationship between weight and total length of marine fish in the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean: physiological, spatial and temporal variations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98(3):627-625. (Ref. 119547) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro, K.M. Kleisner and H. Winker0 Estimating fisheries reference points from catch and resilience. Fish and Fisheries 18(3):506-526. (Ref. 120179) ICES0 Sole (Solea solea) in Division 7.d (eastern English Channel). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122181) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in subdivisions 20-24 (Skagerrak and Kattegat, western Baltic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122229) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Subarea 4 (North Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122230) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Division 7.e (western English Channel). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122231) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 7.h-k (Celtic Sea South, southwest of Ireland). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122232) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in Division 7.a (Irish Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122233) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 7.f and 7.g (Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122234) ICES0 Sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) in divisions 8.a-b (northern and central Bay of Biscay). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort. (Ref. 122235) Daban, İ.B., M. Arslan İhsanoğlu, A. İşmen and H. İnceoğlu0 Length-Weight Relationships of 17 Teleost Fishes in the Marmara Sea, Turkey. KSU J. Agric. Nat. 23(5):1245-1256. (Ref. 122963) Andreasen, H., S.D. Ross, U. Siebert, N.G. Andersen, K. Ronnenberg and A. Gilles0 Diet composition and food consumption rate of harbor porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in the western Baltic Sea. Marine Mammal Science 33(4):1053-1079. (Ref. 123607) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) Mehanna, S.F. and A.E. Farouk0 Length-weight relationship of 60 fish species from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt (GFCM-GSA 26). Front. Mar. Sci. 2021. (Ref. 124816) Martins, R. and M. Carneiro0 Manual de identificação de peixes ósseos da costa continental portuguesa. Principais características diagnosticantes. IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisboa:1-204. (Ref. 128458) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Rodríguez-García, C., J. Castro-Gutiérrez, A.R. Domínguez-Bustos, A. García-González and R. Cabrera-Castro0 Every fish counts: Challenging length-weight relationship bias in discards. Fishes 8(222)1-18. (Ref. 128593) Witthames, P.R. and M.G. Walker0 Determinacy of fecundity and oocyte atresia in sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) from the Channel, the North sea and the Irish sea. Aquat. Living Resour. 8(1):91-109. (Ref. 128636) Froese, R. and V.A. Parducho0 Global stocks spreadsheet as of December 9, 2022. Excel file from V.A. Parducho, pers. comm. (Ref. 128993) Keskin, A. and D. Pauly0 Testing predictions of length at first maturity of teleostean fishes, given their maximum length. Cybium 47(3):249-257. (Ref. 131385) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-525-10443 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Sosol_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Sosol_u0.gif FB-pic-525-19247 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1999-02-28 1999-03-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Sosol_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Sosol_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Desoutter, M. 1992 Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395) FB-DiagnosticDescr-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1993-05-25 00:00:00 2016-06-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416). Description: snout rounded ending in a fleshy lobe; head covered with small villosities (Ref. 57416). Colouration: eyed side more or less dark greyish-brown, with broad and diffuse dark spots; dorsal and anal fins showing same ground colour as body; pectoral fins with blackish spot on distal half; posterior part of caudal fin darker; blind side whitish (Ref. 57416). Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710) FB-Morphology-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1993-05-25 00:00:00 2016-06-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 69 - 97; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 53 - 80; Vertebrae: 46 - 52 Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710) FB-Distribution-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-09-10 00:00:00 2023-05-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304). Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710) FB-Uses-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) Anonymous 1997 Species kept in the Kiel Aquarium in August 1997. Unpublished. 4 p. (Ref. 13389) FB-Migration-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=525&StockCode=541 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas(such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C). Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710) FB-Size-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses 70.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4710)); max. published weight: 3,000 g (Ref. 5504); max. reported age: 26 years (Ref. 32766) Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710) Bristow, P. 1992 The illustrated encyclopedia of fishes. Chancellor Press, London. 303 p. (Ref. 5504) Deniel, C. 1990 Comparative study of growth of flatfishes on the west coast of Brittany. J. Fish Biol. 37(1):149-166. (Ref. 32766) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-525-11 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-17 00:00:00 2004-03-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=525&StockCode=541 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (<i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849) FB-Habitat-525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2016-07-13 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=525 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm 1989 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302)