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Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)

Bluefish
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Pomatomus saltatrix   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Pomatomus saltatrix
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Australia country information

Common names: Bluefish, Choppers, Elf
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Inhabit coastal waters of all Australian states except the Northern Territory, being distributed from the northern tip of Fraser Island in Queensland to Onslow in Western Australia. Catches of tailor are much less common in Tasmanian and western Victorian waters than off the east and west coasts, and they are rare in South Australia and the Great Australian Bight. Stock structure: Electrophoretic studies on tailor have shown that the genetic variation between fish sampled from the eastern and western coasts of Australia is significant and the 2 groups should be considered as separate genetic stocks (Ref. 27688). Tagging studies in Queensland and New South Wales waters indicate that tailor from Sydney north are part of a single stock, but more research is needed to confirm the stock status of fish from southern New South Wales and Victoria. Commercial fishery: The major fishing grounds for tailor are on the east coast. In most years more than half the total Australian catch is taken in Queensland waters, particularly from North Stradbroke, Moreton and Fraser islands. Most of the Queensland catch is landed on the beaches of those islands using beach seines, although a small quantity is caught from estuaries using gillnets. The highest catches are taken from June to September, coinciding with the northern migration of tailor to the waters of Fraser Island. In New South Wales, tailor is not a major target species. A considerable quantity is taken incidentally in gillnets from Lake Macquarie and Sydney (Port Jackson and Botany Bay) and some catches are also taken with beach seines from northern New South Wales waters in late winter (Ref. 27112). In Victoria, tailor are a small component of catches in the eastern bay and inlet fisheries, with the bulk of landings coming from the Gippsland Lakes. Gillnets and beach seines are the main methods used in these fisheries. Tailor is a minor commercial species in Western Australia. Most of the catch are adult fish taken in the Shark Bay area using beach seines, and the remaining catch consists mainly of 'choppers' (fish less than 35 cm TL) caught from the Peel-Harvey estuary using gillnets. The tailor catch is sold on domestic markets, mostly as fresh and chilled product although some of the catch is smoked. If marketing delays cause deterioration in quality the catch is sold to pet food canners. Recreational fishery: Tailor is one of the most popular angling species in Queensland, New South Wales and Western Australia. Estimates of the recreational tailor catch in Queensland indicate that anglers take more fish than commercial operators, especially from Fraser Island beaches (Ref. 27747). Recaptures of tailor tagged in New South Wales ocean waters were higher for recreational fishers than for the commercial sector, although estuarine recaptures were taken mainly by net fishers. A survey of anglers in Western Australia produced an estimate that 86,000 people fished for tailor in 1987 (Ref. 27695). The largest tailor recorded by the Australian Anglers Association weighed 12.1 kg and was caught near Shark Bay in Western Australia. Anglers mainly fish for tailor using rod-and-line from beaches or rock platforms, using whole baits of pilchard or sea garfish. The baits are presented on 3 or 4 hooks joined or 'ganged' together and weighted with lead sinker for beach fishing and usually unweighted for rock fishing. The use of metal lured or 'spinners' is also popular with anglers fishing from rocks and beaches. Resource status: Reports of reduced catch rates for recreational fishers have caused some concern about the status of Australian tailor stocks, particularly in Western Australia (Ref. 27695). However, commercial catch levels have remained relatively stable over the past 20 years. More research is needed to determine the sustainability of the prevailing catch levels (both commercial and recreational). Also Ref. 52790.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Tassergal, Anjova, Луфарь, ... more

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Scombriformes (Mackerels) 鱸形目 (Mackerels) > Pomatomidae (Bluefishes) 鯥科 (Bluefishes)
Etymology: Pomatomus: Greek, poma, -atos = cover, operculum + Greek, tomos = portion (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 54708).   亞熱帶的; 53°N - 44°S, 98°W - 180°E

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Circumglobal: In tropical to subtropical waters; except the eastern Pacific (Ref. 33390). Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to South Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. Western Atlantic: Canada and Bermuda to Argentina (Ref. 7251). Indian Ocean: along the coast of East Africa, Madagascar, southern Oman, southwest India, the Malay Peninsula, and Western Australia (Ref. 11441). Southwest Pacific: Australia except the Northern Territory, and New Zealand (Ref. 11441). Absent from eastern Pacific and northwest Pacific. Barely entering the Western Central Pacific region. Records from the Northern Territory, Australia and from Indonesia appear to be erroneous (Ref. 9860). Occurrence in Taiwan (Ref. 5193) and Hawaii (Ref. 4517) need verification.
Circumglobal: 在熱帶到亞熱帶水域中; 除東太平洋。 (參考文獻 33390) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到南非，包括地中海與黑海，馬得拉群島, 與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 加拿大與百慕達群島到阿根廷.(參考文獻 7251) 印度洋: 沿著東非，馬達加斯加，阿曼南方，印度西南部的海岸，馬來半島與西澳大利亞。 (參考文獻 11441) 西南太平洋: 澳洲除北部地區 , 與紐西蘭。 (參考文獻 11441) 東太平洋與西北太平洋沒有出現。 幾乎進入中西太平洋區域。 記錄從澳洲北部地區而且從印尼狀似錯誤的.(參考文獻 9860) 在台灣 (參考文獻 5193) 與夏威夷 (參考文獻 4517) 的發生需要確認。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm 30.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 11441); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3482); 最大體重: 14.4 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 14 年 (Ref. 128525)

簡短描述 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數): 8 - 9; 背的軟條 (總數): 23-28; 臀棘 2-3; 臀鰭軟條: 23 - 27. Jaw teeth prominent, sharp, compressed, in a single series. Two dorsal fins, the first short and low, with 7 or 8 feeble spines connected by a membrane. Back greenish, sides and belly silvery (Ref. 9860).
頜齒突出的﹐銳利的﹐和扁長形的, 成單一列。 二個背鰭, 第一個短與低的,7 或者 8個弱棘連接經由一個膜。 背面呈綠色的, 側邊與腹面銀色的.(參考文獻 9860) 臀鰭長的, 有兩個棘與 23-27個軟鰭條.(參考文獻 26938)

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Occur in oceanic and coastal waters (Ref. 26340). They are most common along surf beaches and rock headlands in clean, high energy waters, although adults can also be found in estuaries and into brackish water (Ref. 6492). Small fish may be found in shallow coastal waters at least 2 m depth (Ref. 9563), in schools pursuing and attacking small fishes (Ref. 9626). Adults are in loose groups, often attacking shoals of mullets or other fishes and destroying numbers apparently far in excess of feeding requirements (Ref. 9860). Feed on other fish (Ref. 5377), crustaceans and cephalopods (Ref. 47377). Associated with sharks and billfishes (Ref. 26340). Voracious and aggressive (Ref. 9626), reported to bite when handled. Migrate to warmer water during winter and to cooler water in summer (Ref. 9987). Popular game fish (Ref. 6638). Good food fish; marketed mostly fresh (Ref. 9860), but also dried or salted (Ref. 5284), and frozen (Ref. 9987).

出現於大洋性的與沿岸水域.(參考文獻 26340) 他們是最常見的在清澈又生產力高的水域中沿著海灘浪花區與岩石海角, 雖然成魚也能被發現於河口與進入半淡鹹水之內.(參考文獻 6492) 小魚可能被發現於沿岸淺水區至少 2 公尺深 (參考文獻 9563), 成群追逐和攻擊小魚.(參考文獻 9626) 成魚在鬆散的魚群中, 時常攻擊烏魚或者其他的魚的魚群而且破壞超過顯然遠的攝取食物的需求的數字.(參考文獻 9860) 吃其他的魚 (參考文獻 5377) ，甲殼動物與頭足類動物。 (參考文獻 47377) 伴隨著鯊魚與青旗魚了。 (參考文獻 26340) 一個狼吞虎嚥與侵略性種 (參考文獻 9626), 報告咬被觸摸時。 在夏天在冬天期間對較熱的水與對較冷的水域迴游。 (參考文獻 9987) 受歡迎的遊釣魚類.(參考文獻 6638) 好食用魚; 生鮮地 (參考文獻 9860) 大部份在市場上銷售, 也乾燥或鹽醃 (參考文獻 5284), 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

Fecundity varies from 400,000 to 2,000,000 eggs depending on the size of the individual (ranging from 370,000 in a 31 cm fish to 1,240,000 in a 54 cm fish) (Ref. 27695). Tailor are serial spawners (Ref. 6390).Circumglobal: 在熱帶到亞熱帶水域中; 除東太平洋。 (參考文獻 33390) 東大西洋: 葡萄牙到南非，包括地中海與黑海，馬得拉群島, 與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 加拿大與百慕達群島到阿根廷.(參考文獻 7251) 印度洋: 沿著東非，馬達加斯加，阿曼南方，印度西南部的海岸，馬來半島與西澳大利亞。 (參考文獻 11441) 西南太平洋: 澳洲除北部地區 , 與紐西蘭。 (參考文獻 11441) 東太平洋與西北太平洋沒有出現。 幾乎進入中西太平洋區域。 記錄從澳洲北部地區而且從印尼狀似錯誤的.(參考文獻 9860) 在台灣 (參考文獻 5193) 與夏威夷 (參考文獻 4517) 的發生需要確認。

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Dooley, J.K., 1990. Pomatomidae. p. 721-722. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 9986)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  次級保育類動物, 見 IUCN 紅皮書 (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 07 July 2014

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  引起創傷的 (Ref. 27695)




人類使用

漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 誘餌: usually
FAO(養殖: 產生; 漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FishSource | 周邊海洋

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 8.4 - 27.5, mean 21.1 (based on 1273 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00841 - 0.01366), b=2.97 (2.90 - 3.04), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  4.5   ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.10-0.2; tm=2; tmax=9; Fec=1 million).
Prior r = 0.67, 95% CL = 0.44 - 1.01, Based on 7 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Very high.